Process of preventing scale



United States Patent 3,251,778 PRQCESS OF PREVENTING StIALE Woodrow J. Dickson, La Habra, and Fred W. Jenkins, Buena Park, Caliii, assignors to Petrolite Corporation, Wilmington, Del., a corporation of Delaware N0 Drawing. Original application Aug. 4, 1960, Ser. No. 47,387. Divided and this application June 9, 1961, Ser. No. 115,876

8 Claims. (Cl. 252-82) This application is a division of application of Serial No. 47,387, filed August 4, 1960, now abandoned.

This invention relates to polyalkyleneimines and to derivatives thereof. More particularly, this invention relates to polyethyleneimine and to polyethyleneimine derivatives containing various groups, such as the oxyalkylated, acylated, alkylated, carbonylated, olefinated, etc., derivatives thereof, prepared by introducing such groups individually, alternately, in combination, etc., including for example, derivatives prepared by varying the order of adding such groups, by increasing the number and order of adding such groups, and the like.

This invention also relates to methods of using these products, which have an unexpectedly broad spectrum of uses, for example, as demulsifiers for water-in-oil emulsions; as demulsifiers for oil-in-water emulsions; as corrosion inhibitors; as fuel oil additives for gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel, and the like; as lubricating oil additives; as scale preventatives; as chelating agents or to form chelates which are themselves useful, for example, as antioxidants, gasoline stabilizers, fungicides, etc.; as flotation agents, for example, as flotation collection agents; as asphalt additives or anti-stripping agents for asphalt-mineral aggregate compositions; as additives for compositions useful in acidizing calcareous stratas of oil 'wells; as additives for treating water used in the secondary recovery of oil and in disposal wells; as additives used in treating oil-Well strata in primary oil recovery to enhance the flow of oil; as emulsifiers for both oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions; as additives for slushing oils; as additives for cutting oils; as additives for oil to prevent emulsification during transport; as additives for drilling muds; as agents useful in removing mud sheaths from newly drilled wells; as dehazing or fog-inhibiting agents for fuels; as additives for preparing sand or mineral slurries useful in treating oil wells to enhance the recovery of oil; as agents for producing polymeric emulsions useful in preparing water-vapor impermeable paper board; as agents in paraffin solvents; as agents in preparing thickened silica aerogel lubricants; as gasoline additives to remove copper therefrom; as deicing and anti-stalling agents for gasoline; as antiseptic, preservative, bactericidal, bacteriostatic, germicidal, fungicidal agents; as agents for the textile industry, for example, as mercerizing assistants, as wetting agents, as rewetting agents, as dispersing agents, as detergents, as penetrating agents, as softening agents, as dyeing assistants, as anti-static agents, and the like; as additives for rubber latices; as entraining agents for concrete and cements; as anti-static agents for rugs, floors, upholstery, plastic and wax polishes, textiles, etc.; as detergents useful in metal cleaners, in floor oils, in dry cleaning, in general cleaning, and the like; as agents useful in leather processes such as in flat liquoring, pickling, acid degreasing, dye fixing, and the like; as agents in metal pickling; as additives in paints for improved adhesion of primers, in preventing water-spotting in lacquer; as antiskinners for pigment flushing, grinding and dispersing, as antifeathering agents in ink; as agents in the preparation of wood pulp and pulp slurries, as emulsifiers for insecticidal compositions and agricultural sprays such as DDT, 24-D (toxaphene), chlordane, nicotine sulfate, hexachloracyclohexane, and the like; as agents useful in building materials, for example, in the water repellent treatment of plaster, concrete, cement, roofing materials, floor sealers; as additives in bonding agents for various insulating building materials; and the like.

Polyalkyleneimine employed in this invention include high molecular weight polyethyleneimine, i.e. polymers of ethyleneimine,

CH2 CH2 or substituted products thereof:

0 R2C R;

CR2C R;

N BL]! etc., wherein R, R and R" are hydro-gen or a substituted group, for example a hydrocarbon group such as alkyl,

1,2-propy1eneimine 1,2-buty1eneimine 2,3-buty1eneimine 0 HN C H H, 1,1-dimethylethy1imine C H-C 11 C-butylethyleneimine C-dodecylethyleneiminc floctadeeylethyleneimine A preferred class of polymerized 1,2-alkeneimines include those derived from polymerizing wherein R and R' are hydrogen or an alkyl radical, the latter being the same or different. Of the substituted ethylenei-mines, pr-opyleneimines are preferred.

The polyethyleneimines useful herein have molecular weights of, for example, at least 800, for example from 800 to 100,000 or higher, but preferably 20,000 to 75,000

Patented May 17, 1966' or higher. There is no upper limit to the molecular weight of the polymer employed herein and molecular weights of 200,000, 500,000 or 1,000,000 or more can be employed.

The optimum molecular weight will depend on the particular derivative, the particular use, etc.

Although these products are generally prepared by polymerizing 1,2 alkyleneimines, they may also be prepared by other known methods, for example, by decarboxylating 2-oxazolidine as described in 2,806,839, etc.

Commercial examples of these compounds are available, for example, those sold in a 50% by weight aqueous solution having a molecular weight of 30-40,000. Propyleneimine is also commercially available and suitable polymers can be prepared from this material.

For convenience and simplicity, this invention will illustrated by employing polyethyleneimine.

Polyethyleneimine is a well known polymer Whose preparation from ethyleneimine is described in US. Patent 2,182,306 and elsewhere. For convenience in polymerizing and handling, the polymer is generally prepared as an aqueous solution. Water can be removed, if desired, by distilling the water therefrom or by azeotroping the water therefrom in the presence of a hydrocarbon, such as xylene, and using the solution and/ or suspension obtained thereby for further reaction or use. The following polyethyleneimines of the molecular weights indicated are employed herein to'illustrate this invention.

Polymer designation:

Approx. mol. wt. range Polyethyleneimine 900 8001000 Polyethyleneimine 5,000 4000-6000 Polyethyleneimine 11,500 l0,500-12,500 Polyethyleneimine 20,000 18,000-22,000 P-olyethyleneimine 35,000 30,000-40,000 Polyethyleneimine 50,000 40,00060,000 Polyethyleneimine 75,000 65,000-85,000 Polyethyleneimine 100,000 80,000-125,000

ACYLATION A wide variety of acylating agents can be employed. Acylation is carried out under dehydrating conditions, i.e., water is removed. Any of the well-known methods of acylation can be employed. For example, heat alone, heat and reduced pressure, heat in combination with an azeotroping agent, etc., are all satisfactory;

The temperature at which reaction between the acylating agent and polyethyleneimine is effected is not too critical a factor. Since the reactions involved appear to be an amide-formation reaction and a condensation reaction, the general temperature conditions for such reactions which are well known to those skilled in the art, are applicable.

Acylation is conducted at a temperature sufiiciently high to eliminate water and below the pyrolytic point of the reactants and the reaction products. In general, the reaction is carried out at a temperature of from 120 to 280 C., but preferably at 140 to 200 C.

The product formed on acylation will vary with the particular conditions employed. First the salt, then the amide is formed. If, however, after forming the amide at a temperature between 140-250 C., but usually not above 200 C., one heats such products at a higher range, approximately 250280 C., or higher, possibly up to 300 C. for a suitable period of time, for example, 1-2 hours or longer, one can in many cases recover a second mole of water for each mole of carboxylic acid group employed, the first mole of water being evolved during amidification. The product formed in such cases con tains a cyclic amidine ring, such as an imidazoline or a tetrahydropyrimidine ring. Infrared analysis is a convenient method of determining the presence of these groups.

Water is formed as a by-product of the reaction between the acylating agent and polyethyleneimine. In order to facilitate the removal of this water, to effect a more complete reaction in accordance with the principle of LeChatelier, a hydrocarbon solvent which forms an azeotropic mixture with water can be added to the reaction mixture. Heating is continued with the liquid reaction mixture at the preferred reaction temperature, until the removal of water by azeotropic distillation has substantially ceased. In general, any hydrocarbon solvent which forms an azeotropic mixture with water can be used. It is preferred, however, to use an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent of the benzene series. Non-limiting examples of the preferred solvent are benzene, toluene, and Xylene. The amount of solvent used is a variable and non-critical factor. It is dependent on the size of the reaction vessel and the reaction temperature selected.

Accordingly, a sufiicient amount of solvent must be used 1 to support the azeotropic distillation, but a large excess must be avoided since the reaction temperature will be lowered thereby. Water produced by the reaction can also be removed by operating under reduced pressure.

When operating with a reaction vessel equipped with a reflux condenser provided with a Water takeoff trap, sufficient reduced pressure can be achieved by applying a slight vacuum to the upper end of the condenser. The pressure inside the system is usually reduced to between about 50 and about 300 millimeters. If desired, the water can be removed also by distillation, while operating under relatively high temperature conditions.

' The time of reaction between the acylating agent and polyethyleneimine is dependent on the weight of the charge, the reaction temperature selected, and the means employed for removing the water from the reaction mixture. In practice, the reaction is continued until the formation of water has substantially ceased. In general, the time of reaction will vary between about 4 hours and about ten hours.

Although a wide variety of carboxylic acids produce excellent products, carboxylic acids having more than six carbon atoms and less than 40 carbon atoms but preferably 8-30 carbon atoms give most advantageous products. The most common examples include the detergent forming acids, i.e., those acids which combine with alkalies to produce soap or soap-like bodies. The detergent-forming acids, in turn, include naturally-occurring fatty acids, resin acids, such as abietic acid, naturallyoccurring petroleum acids, such as naphthenic acids, and carboxy acids, produced by the oxidation of petroleum. As will be subsequently indicated, there are other acids which have somewhat similar characteristics and are derived from somewhat different sources and are different in structure, but can be included in the broad generic term previously indicated.

Suitable acids include straight chain and branched chain, saturated and unsaturated, aliphatic, alicyclic, fatty, aromatic, hydroaromatic, and aralkyl acids, etc.

Examples of saturated aliphatic monocarboxylic acids are acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric, caproic, heptanoic, capry-lic, nonanoic, capric, undecanoic, lauric, tridecanoic, myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitic, heptadecanoic, stearic, nonadecenoic, eicosanoic, heneicosanoic, docosanoic, tricosanoic, tetracosanoic, pentacosanoic, cerotic, heptacosanoic, montanic,'nonacosanoic, melissic and the like.

Examples of ethylenic unsaturated aliphatic acids are acrylic, methacrylic, crotonic, anglic, teglic, the pentenoic acids, the hexenoic acids, for example, hydrosorbic acid, the heptenoic acids, the octenoic acids, the nonenoic acids, the decenoic acids, for example, obtusilic acid, the undecenoic acids, the dodecenoic acids, for example, lauroleic, linderic, etc., the tridecenoic acids, the tetradecenoic acids, for example, myristoleic acid, the pentadecenoic acids, the hexadecenoic acids, for example, palmitoleic acid, the heptadecenoic acids, the octodecenoic acids, for example, petrosilenic acid, oleic acid, elardic acid, the nonadecenoic acids, for example, the eicosenoic acids, the docosenoic acids, for example, erucic acid, brassidic acid, cetoleic acid, the tetradosenic acids, and the like.

Examples of dienoic acids are the pentadienoic acids, the hexadienoic acids, for example, sorbic acid, the octadienoic acids, for example, linoleic, and the like.

Examples of the trienoic acids are the octadecatrienoic acids, for example, linolenic acid, eleostearic acid, pseudoeleostearic acid, and the like.

Carboxylic acids containing functional groups such as hydroxy groups can be employed. Hydroxy acids, particularly the alpha hydroxy acids include glycolic acid, lactic acid, the hydroxyvaleric acids, the hydroxy caproic acids, the hydroxyheptanoic acids, the hydroxy caprylic acids, the hydroxynonanoic acids, the hydroxycapric acids, the hydroxydecanoic acids, the hydroxy lauric acids, the hydroxy'tridecanoic acids, the hydroxy-myristic acids, the hydroxypentadecanoic acids, the hydroxy-palmitic acids, the hydroxyhexadecanoic acids, the hydroxyheptadecanoic acids, the hydroxy stearic acids, the hydroxyoctadecenoic acids, for example, ricinoleic acid, ricinelardic acid, hydroxyoctadecynoic acids, for example, ricinstearolic acid, the hydroxyeicosanoic acids, for example, hydroxyarachidic acid, the hydroxydocosanoic acids, for example, hydroxybehenic acid, and the like.

Examples of acetylated hydroxyacids are ricinoleyl lactic acid, acetyl ricinoleic acid, chloroacetyl ricinoleic acid, and the like,

Examples of the cyclic aliphatic carboxylyic acids are those found in petroleum called naphthenic acids, hydrocarbic and chaumoogric acids, cyclopentane carboxylic acids, cyclohexanecarboxylic acid, campholic acid, fenchlolic acids, and the like.

Examples of aromatic monocarboxylic acids are benzoic acid, substituted benzoic acids, for example, the toluic acids, the xyleneic acids, alkoxy benzoic acid, phenyl benzoic acid, naphthalene carboxylic acid, and the like.

Mixed higher fatty acids derived from animal or vegetable sources, for example, lard, cocoanut oil, rapeseed oil, sesame oil, palm kernel oil, palm oil, olive oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, sardine oil, tallow, soyabean oil, peanut oil, castor oil, seal oils, whale oil, shark oil, and other fish oils, teaseed oil, partially or completely hydrogenated animal and vegetable oils are advantageously employed. Fatty and similar acids include those derived from various Waxes, such as beeswax, spermaceti, montan wax, Japan wax, coccerin. and carnauba wax. Such acids include carnaubic acid, cerotic acid, lacceric acid, montanic acid, psyllastearic acid, etc. One may also employ higher molecular weight carboxylic acids derived by oxidation and other methods, such as from parafiin wax, petroleum and similar hydrocarbons; resinic and hydroaromatic acids, such as hexahydrobenzoic acid, hydrogenated naphthoic, hydrogenated carboxy diphenyl, naphthenic, and abietic acid; Twitchell fatty acids, carboxydiphenyl pyridine carboxylic acid, blown oils, blown oil fatty acids and the like.

Other suitable acids include phenylstearie acid, benzoyl-nonylic acid, cetyloxybutyric acid, cetyloxyacetic acid, chlor-stearic acid, etc.

Examples of the polycarboxylic acids are those of the aliphatic series, for example, oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic, pimelic, suberic, azelaic, sebacic, nonanedicarboxylic acid, decanedicarboxylic acids, undecanedicarboxylic acids, and the like.

Examples of unsaturated aliphatic polycarboxylic acids are fumaric, maleic, mesocenic, citraconic, glutonic, itaconic, muconic, aconitic aids, and the like.

Examples of aromatic polycarboxylic acids are phthalic, isophthalie acids, 'terephthalic acids, substituted derivatives thereof (e.g. alkyl, chloro, alkoxy, etc. derivatives), biphenyldicarboxylic acid, diphenylether dicarboxylic acids, diphenylsulfone dicarboxylic acids and the like.

Higher aromatic polycarboxylic acids containing more than two carboxylic groups are himimellitic, trimellitic, trimesic, mellophanic, prehnitic, pyromellitic acids, mellitic acid, and the like.

Other polycarboxylic acids are the dimeric, trimeric,

hydrogen, sulfur, bromine, chlorine, or iodine.

and polymeric acids, for example, dilinoleic, trilinoleic, and other polyacids sold by Emery Industries, and the like. Other polycarboxylic acids include those containing ether groups, for example, diglycolic acid. Mixtures of the above acids can be advantageously employed.

In addition, acid precursors such as acid anhydrides, esters, acid halides, glycerides, etc., can be employed in place of the free acid.

Examples of acid anhydrides are the alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides.

Any alkenyl succinic acid anhydride or the corresponding acid is utilizable for the production of the reaction products of the present invention. The general structural formulae of these compounds are:

C Hrlf Acid wherein R is an alkenyl radical. The alkenyl radical can be straight-chain or branchedachain; and it can be saturated at the point of unsaturation by the addition of a substance which adds to olefinic double bonds, such as It is obvious, of course, that there must be at least two carbon atoms in the alkenyl radical, but there is no real upper limit to the number 'of carbon atoms therein. However, it is preferred to use an alkenyl succinic acid anhydride reactant having between about 8 and about 18 carbon atoms per alkenyl radical. desirable, the alkenyl succinic acids also react, in accordance with this invention, to produce satisfactory reaction products. It has been found, however, that their use necessitates the removal of Water formed during the reaction and also often causes undesirable side reactions to occur to some extent. Nevertheless, the alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides and the alkenyl succinic acids are interchangeable for the purposes of the present invention. Accordingly, when the term alkenyl succinic acid anhydride is used herein, it must be clearly understood that it embraces the alkenyl succinic acids as Well as their anhydrides, and the derivatives thereof in which the olefinic double bond has been saturated as set forth hereinbefore. Non-limiting examples of the alkenyl succinic acid anhydride reactant are ethenyl succinic acid anhydrides; ethenyl succinic acid; ethyl succinic acid anhydride; propenyl succinic acid anhydride; sulfun'zed propenyl succinic acid anhydride; butenyl succinic acid; Z-methylbutenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dichloropentyl succinic acid anhydride; hexenyl succinic acid anhydride; hexyl succinic acid; sulfurized 3-methylpentenyl succinic acid anhydride; 2,3-dimethylbutenyl succinic acid anhydride; 3,3-dimethylbutenyl succinic acid; 1,2-dibromo-2-ethylbutyl succinic acid; heptenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-diiodooctyl succinic acid; octenyl succinic acid anhydride; Z-rnethyl-heptenyl succinic acid anhydride; 4-ethylhexenyl succinic acid; 2-isopropylpentenyl succinic acid anhydride; nonenyl succinic acid anhydride; 2-propylhexenyl succinic acid anhydride; decenyl succinic acid; decenyl succinic acid anhydride; 5-methyl 2-isopropylhexenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dibromo-2-ethyloctenyl succinic acid anhydride; decyl Although their use is less succinic acid anhydride; undecenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dichloro-undecyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dichloro-undecyl succinic acid; 3-ethyl-2-t-butylpentenyl succinic acid anhydride; dodecenyl succinic acid anhydride; dodecenyl succinic acid; 2-propylnonenyl succinic acid anhydride; 3-butyloctenyl succinic acid anhydride; tridecenyl vsuccinic acid anhydride; tetradecenyl succinic acid anhydride; hexadecenyl succinic acid anhydride; sulfurized octadecenyl succinic acid; octadecyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dibrom-2-methylpentadecenyl succinic acid anhydride; 8-propylpentadecyl succinic acid anhydride; eicosenyl succinic acid anhydride; 1,2-dichloro- 2-methylnonadeceny1 suocinic acid anhydride; 2-octyldodecenyl succinic acid; 1,2-diiodotetracosenyl succinic acid anhydride; hexacosenyl succinic acid; hexacosenyl succinic acid anhydride; and hentriacontenyl succinic acid anhydride.

The methods of preparing the alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides are well known to those familiar with the art. The most feasible method is by the reaction of an olefin with maleic acid anhydride. Since relatively pure olefins are difiicult to obtain, and when thus obtainable, are often too expensive for commercial use, alkenyl succinic acid anhydrides are usually prepared as mixtures by reacting mixtures of olefins with maleic acid anhydride. Such mixtures, as well as relatively pure anhydrides, are utilizable herein.

In summary, without any intent of limiting the scope of the invention, acylation includes amidification, the formation of the cylic amide ring, the formation of acid imides such as might occur when anhydrides such as the alkenyl succinic acids are reacted, i.e.

wherein P=the polyethyleneimine residue, polymers as might occur when a dicarboxylic acid is reacted intermolecularly with polyethyleneimine, cyclization as might occur when a dicarboxylic acid reacts intramolecularly with polyethyleneimine as contasted to intermolecular reactions, etc. The reaction products may contain other substances. Accordingly, these reaction products are most accurately defined by a definition comprising a recitation of the process by which they are produced, i.e., by acylation.

The moles of acylating agent reacted with polyethyleneimine will depend on the number of acylation reactive positions contained therein as well as the number of moles of acylating agent one wishes to incorporate into the polymer. Theoretically one mole of acylating agent can be reacted per amino group on the polyethyleneimine molecule. We have advantageously reacted 1-20 moles of acylating agent per mole of polyethyleneimine 900, but preferably 1-12 moles. Proportionately greater amounts of acylating agent can be employed with polyethyleneimine of higher molecular weight. Thus, with polyethyleneimine 20,000, 1-5O moles of acylating agent can be employed, and with polyethyleneimine 35,000, 1-100 moles can beemployed, etc. Optimum acylation will depend on the particular use.

The following examples are illustrative of the preparation of the acylated polyethyleneimine.

The following general procedure is employed in acylating. A xylene suspension of polyethyleneimine, after the removal of water, is mixed with the desired ratio of acid. Heat is then applied. After the removal of the calculated amount of of water (1 to 2 equivalents per carboxylic acid group of the acid employed), heating is stopped and the azeotroping agent is evaporated under vacuum. The temperature during the reaction can vary from 80 to 200 C. Where the formation of the cyclic amidine type structure is desired, the maximum temperature is generally ISO-250 C. and more than one mole of water per carboxylic group is removed. The reaction times range from 4 to 24 hours. Here again, the true test of the degree of reaction is the amount of water removed.

Example 1-A7 The reaction is carried out in a 5 liter, 3 necked flask furnished with a stirring device, thermometer, phase separating trap, condenser and heating mantle to 1 mole (900 grams) of polyethyleneimine 900 in an equal weight of xylene (i.e., 900 grams), 200 grams of lauric acid (1 mole) is added with stirring in about ten minutes. The reaction mixture is then heated gradually to about C. in half an hour and then held-at about C. over a period of 3 hours until 19 grams (1.1 moles) of water is collected in the side of the tube. The solvent is then removed with gentle heating under reduced pressure of approximately 20 mm. The product is a dark, viscous, xylene-soluble liquid.

Example 1-A TABLE I.ACYLATED PRODUCTS OF POLYETHYLENEIMINE Molecular weight of polyethyl- 6116111111119 Ratio mols of water removed per mol of ac d Ratio mols of acid per mol of PE Ex. Acid 1-A1. Laurie (200) 900 do Naphthenic (330) (Sunaptic acid B).

o 14-111-. Diplenolic (286) o The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than polyethyleneimine. and its derivatives.

TABLE IA.ACYLATED PRODUCTS OF POLYPROPYLENEIMINE Molecular Mols of Mols of weight of acid per water Ex. polypropyl- Acid mol of polyremoved eneimine propyleneper mol of imine acid 15-A1. 500 Stearic (284) 2:1 1. 9 15-112- d 1:1 1. 1 15-A3- 1:1 0. 9 16A1 3:1 1. 16-Aza 1:1 1. 2 16-A3. 2:1 1. 0 '17A1 1:1 20 17-Az- 3:1 1. 3 17-Aa. 1 :1 l. 5 18A 4:1 0. 9 18A2 2:1 1. 0 18-Aa- 1 :1 1. 0 19A1 1 :1 19-Az. 20, 000 Nonanoic (158) 4:1 3. 2 19-11 20, 000 Oleic (282) 2:1 2. 1 20A1 40, 000 Myristio (228.4) 2:1 1. 7 20Az, 40, (J00 Oleic (282) 3:1 2. 8 20A3 40, 000 Alkenyl (C 2) succinie 1:1

anhydride (266).

OXYALKYLATION Polyethyleneimine can be oxyalkylated in the conventional manner, for example, by means of an alpha-beta alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide,-propylene oxide, butylene oxide, oetylene oxide, a higher alkylene oxide, styrene oxide, glycide, methylglycide, etc., or combinations thereof. Depending on the particular application desired, one may combine a large proportion of alkylene oxide, articularly ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, a

combination or alternate additions of propylene oxide and ethylene oxide, or smaller proportions thereof in relation to polyethyleneimine. Thus, the molar ratio of alkylene oxide to polyethyleneimine can range within wide limits, for example, from a 1:1.mole ratio to a ratio of 1000:l, or higher, but preferably 1 to 200. For example, in demulsification extremely high alkylene oxide ratios are often advantageously employed such as 200- 300 or more moles of alkylene oxide per mole of polyethyleneimine. On the other hand, for certain applications such as conosion prevention and use as fuel oil additives, lower ratios of alkylene oxides are advantageously employed, i.e., 11025 moles of alkylene oxide per mole of polyethyleneimine. With higher molecular weight polyethyleneimine, more oxyalkylatable reaction centers are present for alkylene oxide addition and very high ratios of alkylene oxide can be added. By proper control, desired hydrophilic or hydrophobic properties are imparted to the composition. As is well known, oxyalkylation reactions are conducted under a wide variety of conditions, at low or high pressures, at low or high temperatures, in the presence or absence of catalyst, solvent, etc. For instance oxyalkylation reactions can be carried out at temperatures of from 80200 C., and pressures of from 10 to 200 p.s.i., and times of from min. to several days. Preferably oxyalkylation reactions are carried out at 80 to 120 C. and 10 to 30 p.s.i. For conditions of oxyalkylation reactions see US. Patent 2,792,369 and other patents mentioned therein.

Oxyalkylation is too well known to require a full discussion. For purpose of brevity reference is made to Parts 1 and 2 of US. Patent No. 2,792,371, dated May 14, 1957, to Dickson, in which particular attention is directed to the various patents which describe typical oxyalkylation procedure.- Furthermore, manufacturers of alkylene oxides furnish extensive information as to the use of oxides. For example, see the technical bulletin entitled Ethylene Oxide which has been distributed by the Jefferson Chemical Company, Houston, Texas. Note also the extensive bibliography in this bulletin and the large number of patents which deal with oxyalkylation processes.

The symbol employed to designate oxyalkylation is O. Specifically l-O represents oxyalkylated polyethyleneimine.

In the following oxyalkylations the reaction vessel employed is a stainless steel autoclave equipped with the usual devices for heating and heat control, a stirrer, inlet and outlet means and the like which are conventional in this type of apparatus. The stirrer is operated at a speed of 250 rpm. Polyethyleneimine dissolved and/or suspended in an equal weight of xylene is charged into the reactor. The autoclave is sealed, swept with nitrogen, stirring started immediately and heat applied. The temperature is allowed to rise to approximately C. at which time the addition of the alkylene oxide is started and added continuously at such speed as it is absorbed by the reaction mixture. When the rate of oxyalkylation slows down appreciably, which generally occurs after about 15 moles of ethylene oxide are added or after about 10 moles of propylene oxide are added, the reaction vessel is opened and an oxyalkylation catalyst is added (in 2 weight percent of the total reactants present). The catalyst employed in the examples is sodium methylate. Thereupon the autoclave is flushed out as before and oxyalkylation completed. In the case of oxybutylation, oxyoctylation, oxystyrenation, and other oxyalkylations, etc., the catalyst is added at the beginning of the operation.

Example 1-0 ,container. Upon cooling to room temperature, the reaction mass is a dark extremely viscous liquid.

Example 10 The same procedure as Example 1-0 is used except that 396 grams of ethylene oxide (9 mols) is added to 900 grams (1 mol) of polyethyleneimine 900. This reaction material is a dark viscous liquid at room temperature.

Example 1-0 The same procedure as Example 1-0 is used and 396 grams of ethylene oxide (9 mols) are added to 900 grams (1 mol) of polyethyleneimine 900. After this reaction is completed, the autoclave is opened and 20 grams of sodium methylate are added. The autoclave is then flushed again with nitrogen and an additional 572 grams (13 mols) of ethylene oxide is added at 100 C. This reaction is highly exothermic. The reaction mass now contains 1 mol of polyethyleneimine 900 and a'total of 22 mols of reacted ethylene oxide.

Example 1-0.;

A portion of the reaction mass of Example 1-03 is transferred to another autoclave and an additional amount of ETO was added. The reaction mass now contains the ratio of 1 mol of polyethyleneimine 900 to 40 mols of ETO.

Example 1O The addition of ethylene oxide to Example 1-0.; is continued until a molar ratio of 1 mol of polyethyleneimine 900 to 75 mols' of ETO is reached.

Example 1 0 TABLE II.Gntinued The addition of ethylene oxide to Example l-O is I continued until a molar ratio of 1 mol of polyethylene- M01, Physical nnine 900 to 83 mols of ETO is reached. 5 ig- Eto PIO B110 properties Example 1-0, p

-- 0-0 900 II I The addition of ethylene oxide to the Example 1-0 64); 900 5 & $88 fig f i is continued until a molar ratio of 1 mol of polyethyl- 6 :83... 3% 18 12 (III) 1001) D0.

v 20 00 (II 5 III D eneirnine 900 to 105 mols of ETO is reached. 10 581 888 gt ene 5 5 59 viscmfsliquid Example 1 9:0 900 Eyre ie on e, mos Do.

poxide 201, 1 11101 Solid. 2, grams m of polyethyleneimine of m l $853: 2:838 33:33:33: f3% ular weight of 20,000 in Xylene are charged into a con- 5100 Solid- 10-0... 5, 000 30 D0. ventional stainless steel autoclave. The temperature is 15 10-05.- 5,000 60 Do. raised to 120 C., the autoclave is flushed with nitrogen 19:8 2 388 and sealed. Then 11.6 grams of propylene oxide (0.2 2 11-0211 5:000 D si l t ihigl c lqduid. mol) are added slowly at 120 C. A sample is taken 3:8 2 888 at this point and labeled 16O This sample contains 11-021 5: 000 31 two mols of PrO for each mole of polyethyleneimine. 12:8 2:888

It is a dark, pasty solid at room temperature. 12-02: 5: 000 38: 12-04.. 5, 000 Do. Example 16-0 13-01.. 5,000 Viscous liquid. N 13-02.. 5,000 150) Solid. The addition of propylene oxide to 16-0 is continued 3:83" 888 i gg Do. as follows: The autoclave is opened and 5 grams of 51000 5(III) viscgifs'ii uid. sodium methylateare added. The autoclave is again $82 5.000 5 I) Do. purged with nitrogen and sealed. Propylene oxide is 2: 21338 3 3 added carefully until an additional 23.2 grams have been $85" 5,000 1 0 Viscous liquid. reacted. A sample is taken at this point and labeled 2: 3*;883 f D 16O This compound now contains 6 mols of propylg-g 8 35 ene oxide for each mol of polyethyleneimine 20,000. 3:: 8? 2% 15-0 20, 000 105 Example 16-0 140 The oxypropylation of 16-0 is continued until an addi- 10-01.: 20: 000 tional 52.2 grams of propylene oxide are reacted. A igjgj" 38 888 sample is taken at this point and labeled 16O 16-O 10 O5II 20: 000 contains 15 mols of propylene oxide for each mol of $81 ggggg 8 polyethyleneimine 20,000. At room temperature the 17-0... 20: 000 30 (II) product is a dark, pasty solid. 1&0! 20,000 5 (I) 15 (H) g This oxyalk lation is continued to roduce exam les 18Oz 20,000 5 I) III 6 II L ht'b y p p 40 18-03.. 20,000 gear) 10 E1 a0 I iI lg nof 16-0 16-0 a Do A summary of oxyalkylated products produced from polyethyleneimines is presented in the following Table II. 3% The Roman numerals (I), (H), and (III) besides the moles of oxide added indicate the order of oxide addi- 3 tion (I) first, (II) second, and (III) third, etc. The following abbreviations are also used throughout 58- this application: Hard solid.

. Pasty solid. EtO-Ethylene oxide D0. PrOPropylene oxide 53: BuO-Butylene oxide 1130. 0. Do. TABLE II.-0XYALKYI.ATED PRODUCTS Waxy solid. [Mols oi alkylene oxide/mol polyethyleneimine] 33: Do. M01. Physical B3 Ex. wt. 01 EtO PrO BuO properties PE Do: Do. Do. 1-01... 900 5 Viscous liquid. D 0 1-02-.- 900 0 Solid. 1-03..- 000 22 Do 1-0, 900 40 Do 1-o 000 Do 1-00... 900 83 D0. 1-0 900 Do. 1-Oi 900 D0. 2-01... 900 Viscous liquid. DO 2-02..- 000 D0. 2-o3 000 Dark, thick liquid. 2-04-.- 900 Do. 2-05 000 D0. 2-06-.- 900 D0. 2-O1 900 Do. :2Os 900 Do. 3 (11) D0: 3-01... 900 D0. 25 1 11) Do 3O2... 900 Do. 1 (I) 28 (111) D0 3-03. 900 D0. 3 11 I) DO. 0 401) Do. 4-01. 900 Viscous liquid. 15 (III) 3 (I) Do 4-02-.- 900 0. 20 (I) 6 (III) 4-03.-. 900 30 (II) (I) Solid. 25 11) 2 n 4-0.-" 900 50 (II) 00 (I) Do. 14 (III) 6 11 5-Oi 900 Glyeidol, mols Viscous liquid.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than polyethyleneimine and its derivatives.

TABLE IIA.-OXYALKYLATED PRODUCTS OF POLYPROPYLENEIMINE Mol. weight of polypropylencimine Mols of alkylene oxideper mol of polypropylcncimine Physical Ex. Properties EtO PrO B110 Viscous liquid.

Solid.

Do. Do.

Do. Viscous liquid. D0.

Solid. Viscp)us liquid.

Waxy solid,

Viscous liquid.

@88828883 oooocoooo Sol Viscous Liquid.

Solid.

Thick liquid.

Solid.

Viscous liquid.

Epoxide l 201, 2 Styrene oxide, 6 mols Octylene oxide, 2 mols ooooooooooo cococzoccno OOOOQOOOOO o. Viscous liquid. Thi ]:l) r liquid.

ODD GOO c:

a m I O O N N I I Hv-H-H- 99 06090 oooocaooo oooooooo Do. Waxy solid. Do. Do. Do.

NNMMHHD-H 99900000 GOO GOO GOO TABLE IIA.0ont'muecl Mol. weight Mols of alkylcne oxide per of polypromol of polypropyleneimiuc Physical Ex. pylene- Properties imine EtO PrO BuO 54.4)4 20,000 150 D0. 55-01-. 20,000 Do. 55-02" 20,000 D0. 55-03-. 20,000 D0. 55-04.. 20,000 Do. 55-O5 20,000 D0. 55 Oe 20,000 D0. 56-01-- ,000 D0. 56-02-. 20,000 D0. 56-0 20,000 D0. 56-04.. 20, 000 Do. 56-05.. 20, 000 Do. 56-05.. 20, 000 D0. 57-01.. 20, 000 D0. D0. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. (I Do. Do. 62-02.. 40,000 5 (II)-.. (I).-- Do.

ACYLA'ITI ON THEN OXYALKYLATION Priar acylated polyethyleneimine can be oxyalkylated in the above manner by starting with acy'lated polyethyleneimine instead of the unreacted polymer. Non-limiting examples are presented in the following tables. The symbol employed to designate an acylated, oxyalkylated polyethyleneimine is A0. Specifically 1-A Of represents acylated, then oxyalkylated polyethyleneimine.

Example 1A O For this example an autoclave equipped to handle alkylene oxides is necessary. 1671 grams (1 mole) of 1A are charged into the autoclave. Following a nitrogen purge and the addition of 75 grams of sodium methylate, the temperature is raised to C. and 2436 grams of PrO (42 mols) are added. At the completion of this reaction, 440 grams of EtO (10 mols) are added and the reaction allowed to go to completion. The resulting polymer is a dark viscous fluid soluble in an aromatic solvent. Ratio of reactants 1 mole starting material/ PrO 42 mols/ Et'O 10 mols.

Example 2A O For this example a conventional autoclave equipped to handle alkylene oxides is necessary. 525 grams of 2A (0.1 mol) are charged into the autoclave. The charge is catalyzed with 20 grams of sodium methylate, purged with nitrogen and heated to C. 24.6 grams (0.2 mole) of styrene oxide are added and reacted for four hours with agitation. The resulting product is a dark extremely viscous fluid. Ratio of reactants 1 mole starting material/ 2 moles EtO.

, These reactions and other reactions are summarized in the following table.

TABLE III.OXY.ALKYLATED, PRIOR ACYLATED POLY- ETHYLENEIMINE [Mols of Oxide Per Mol of Reaetant] Ex. EtO PrO BuO Physical property Viscous liquid.

Do. Dark, viscous liquid. Solid. Thick liquid.

Do. Do. Do. Solid. Viscous liquid.

Do. Do. Solid.

1141302.". l2A201 12 12-A2O 2 The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than polyethylenei-mine and its derivatives.

TABLE IIIA.OXYALKYLATED, PRIOR ACYLATED POLYPROPYLENEIMINE Ex. EtO PrO BuO Physical properties 15-A2Or Viscous liquid. 15A20z D0. 15AzOa. DO. 15A2O4. D0. 15AzO5 Do. 16-A1O D0. l7-Asoi. 10 D0. 17A30z 20 Do. 18AaO1..- 3 Pasty solid. 1811302..-- Octylene oxide, mols Do. 1841903.. 20 (II) I) Do. 18254404..-. DO. l9AsOr Styrene oxide, 2 mols Do. Iii-A302"... (III) 40 (II) 2 (I) Do. 1941303.... 12 (II) 65 (I) Do. 2011101.... Epichlorohydrin, 2 mols Do. 20A1On 1- DO. 20A|03 3 D0.

OXYALKYLATION THEN ACYLATION The prior oxyalkylated polyethyleneimine can be acylated with any of the acylation agents herein disclosed Example 10 A One mole of l-O (1120 grams) in 500 ml. of Xylene is mixed with three moles of acetic acid (180 grams) at room temperature. The temperature is raised slowly to 120-130 C. and refluxed gently for one hour. The temperature is then raised to ISO-160 C. and heated until 3 moles of water and all of the xylene are stripped off. The dark product is water-soluble.

Example 2-O A 0.1 mole of 2-0 (380 grams) in 400 ml. of xylene is mixed with 0.1 mole of palmitic acid (25.6 grams) at room temperature. Ratio 1 mole 2-0 to 1 mole of pal- :mitic acid. Vacuum is applied and the temperature is raised slowly until one mole of Water (18 grams) is removed. This product is ,a dark viscous liquid.

1 6 Example 2-0 A 0.1 mole of 2O (757 grams) is mixed with 500 grams of xylene and heated to C. 0.1 mole of diglycolic acid (13.4 grams) is added slowly to prevent excessive foaming. Ratio 1 mole 2-0 to 1 mole glycolic acid. The temperatureis raised to l40-l50 C. and held until one mole of water has evolved. This product is the diglycolic acid fractional ester of 2-0 A white precipitate forms during this reaction which can be removed by filtration. Analysis shows the precipitate to be sodium acid diglycollate, a reaction product of the catalyst and diglycolic acid. The filtered product is a dark viscous liquid at room temperature.

Table IV contains examples which further illustrate the invention. The symbol employed to designate oxyalkylated, acylated products is 0A.

TABLE IV.ACYLATED, PRIOR OXYALKYLATED POLYETI-I YLENEIMINE Mols of Ratio mols Aeylating acylating agent of water Physical Example agent per mol Oxyremoved to properties alkylated PE mols acylating agent employed 1O1A1. 3 1 Dark viscous liquid. 1O1A2 1 1 D 0. 1O5A 2 1 Solid. 2-O3A 3 1 Do. 204A 1 1 D0. 2-O A Diglyonlio 1 1 DO. 4-O Stearie. 2 1 Do. 6-O1A. 1 Viscous liquid. 12-0211- 2 1 Do. 13-03A 1 1 D o. i l-05A- 2 1 Do. 15-0311 1 1 Do. 16-05 1 1 Do. 17-0311- 1 2 Do. 18-0511 2 1 Do. 19-01A 1 1 Do. 20-0 5A 1 D0.

22-0 5A 3 1 D 0. 23-0211- 1 1 Do. 24-04A 1 1 Do. 2503A1 1 1 Solid. 25-0 111" 1 1 Do. 26-O1A Diphenolic 1 1 Do. 26-0 Terephthalic 1 1 Do. 26-0 11 Benzoic 1 1 Do.

The .following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than polyethyleneimine and its derivatives.

TABLE IV-A.-ACYLATED, PRIOR. OXYALKYLATED POLY- PROPYLENEIMINE Mols of acy- Ratio mols of lating agent water removed Acylating per mol of to mols of Physical Example agent oxyalkylated acylating properties polypropylagent emeneimine ployed 27-0111-.. Oleic 2 2 Thick dark liquid. 27O4A Diphenolrc... 1 1 Pasty solid. 28O3A Laurie 3 1 Do. 28-0011... Acetic 4 1 Do. 29-0241-.. Naphthenid. 1 1 Do. Ell-02A." Stearic..- 2 2 Do. 32-0411. Tall oil 1 1 Do. 37-0111... Maleie anhy- 1 Do.

dride. 39-0211--- Palmitie. 2 2 Do. 43-0611..- Dimerie. 3 1 Waxy solid. 44-0 11... Diglycolie 1 1 Pasty solid. 45-0111--- Myristic 2 1 D0. 1 1 Do. 2 2 D0. 1 1 Do. 1 1 Do. 59-05 Laurie.-. 1 1 Waxy solid 62-0 11... Diglycolie l 1 Do.

17 HEAT TREATMENT OF OXYALKYLATED PRODUCTS The oxyalkylated products described herein, for example, those shown in Table II relating to oxyalkylated polyethyleneimine and those in Table III relating to oxyalkylated, prior acylated, polyethyleneimine can be heat treated to form useful compositions. 7

In general, the heat treatment is carried out at 200 250 C. Under dehydrating conditions, where reduced pressure and a fast flow of nitrogen is used, lower temtures can be exployed, for example 150-200 C.

Water is removed during the reaction, such as by means of a side trap. Nitrogen passing through the reaction mixture and/or reduced pressure can be used to facilitate Water removal.

The exact compositions cannot be depicted by the usual chemical formulas for the reason that the structures are subject to a wide variation.

The heat treatment is believed to result in the polymerization. of these compounds and is efllected by heating same at elevated temperatures, generally in the neighbor hood of 200 270 C., preferably in the presence of catalysts, such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sodium ethylate, sodium glycerate, or catalysts of the kind commonly employed in the manufacture of superglycerinated .fats, calcium chloride, iron and the like. The proportion of catalyst employed may vary from slightly less than 0.1%, in some instances, to over 1% in other instances.

Conditions must be such as to permit the removal of water formed during the process. At times the process can be conducted most readily by permitting part of the volatile constituents to distill, and subsequently subjecting the vapors to condensation. The condensed volatile distillate usually contains water formed by reaction. The Water can be separated from such condensed distillate by any suitable means, for instance, distilling with xylene, so as to carry over the water, and subsequently removing the xylene. The dried condensate is then returned to the reaction chamber for further use. In some instances, condensation can best be conducted in the presence of a high-boilingsolvent, which is permitted to distill in such a manner as to remove the water of reaction. In any event, the speed of reaction and the character of the polymerizedproduct depend not only upon the original reactants themselves, but also on the nature and amount of catalyst employed, on the temperature employed, the time of reaction, and the speed of water removal, i.e., the efiectiveness with which the water of reaction is removed from the combining mass. Polymerization can be effected Without the use of catalysts in some instances, but such procedure is generally undesirable, due to the fact that the reaction takes a prolonged period of time, and usually a significantly higher temperature. The use of catalyst such as iron, etc, fosters the reaction.

The following examples are presented to illustrate heat treatment. The symbol used to designate a heat treated oxyalkylated and polyethyleneimine is OH and an acylated, oxyalkylated product is AOH. In all examples 500 grams of starting material are employed.

'Example 20 H A conventional glass resin vessel equipped with a stirrer and Water trap is used. Five hundred grams of 2-01 are charged into the above resin vessel along with five grams of CaCl The temperature is raised to 225250 C. and heated tmtil 57 grams of Water (3.2 mols) are evolved. This process takes 7.5 hours of heating. The product is an extremely viscous material at room temperature. However, upon warming slightly this product dissolves easily in water.

Example 19-0 H The process of the immediately previous example is repeated using 19-0 but substituting sodium methylate for calcium chloride. The product is a dark, viscous, water-soluble material.

Example 15-O H The process of Example 2O H is repeated using 15- 0 but substituting powdered iron for calcium chloride.

TABLE V.--HEAT TREATED (1) OXYALKYLATED AND (2) ACYLATED, OXYALKYLATED OLYETHYLENEIMINE Water removed Ex. Reaction Catalyst (5 grams) Time in Physical properties Temp, 0. hours Grams Mols 74 4.1 8. 0 Dark, viscous liquid.

95 5. 3 9. 5 Solid.

32 1. 8 12 Viscous liquid.

76 4. 2 20 Solid.

54 3 16 Viscous liquid.

36 2.0 16 Paste.

90 5 14 D0. 12AzOzH 32 1. 8 18 Do.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than polyethyleneimine and its derivatives.

20' amines, alkali or alkaline earth metal hydroxides, and the like.

TABLE VA.HEAT TREATED (DPOXYALKYLATED AND (2) AGYLATED, OXYALKYLATED OLYPROPYLENEIMINE Water removed I Ex. Reaction Catalyst (5 grams) Tune In Physical properties Temp, C. hours Grams Mols 32 1. 8 18 Dark, viscous liquid.

54 3. 0 24 Pasty.

40 2. 2 13 Viscous liquid.

58-0 H 38 o. 15-A30rH.-. 57 3. 2 12 Paste. 17-H3O H 54 3.0 16 Do. 19AaOiH- 36 2.0 18 Do. 20-A101H.-. 9O 5. 0 D0. 20A10sH. 32 1.8 12 Do.

ALKYLATION Alkylation relates to the reaction of polyethyleneimine and derivatives thereof with alkylating agents.

Any hydrocarbon halide, e.g. alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, aralkyl, etc., halide which contains at least one carbon atom and up to about thirty carbon atoms or more per molecule can be employed to alkylate the products of this invention. It is especially preferred to use alkyl halides having between about one to about eighteen carbon atoms per molecule. The halogen portion of the alkyl halide reactant molecule can be any halogen atom, i.e., chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine. In practice, the alkyl bromides and chlorides are used, due to their greater commercial availability. Non-limiting examples of the alkyl halide reactant are methyl chloride; ethyl chloride; propyl chloride; n-butyl chloride; secbutyl iodide; t-butyl fluoride; n-amyl bromide. isoamyl chloride; n-hexyl bromide; n-hexyl iodide; heptyl fluoride; Z-ethyl-hexyl chloride; n-octyl bromide; decyl iodide; dodecyl bromide; 7-ethyl-2-methyl-undecyl iodide; tetradecyl bromide; hexadecyl bromide; hexadecyl fluoride; heptadecyl chloride; octadecyl bromide; docosyl chloride; tetrocosyl iodide; hexacosyl bromide; octacosyl chloride; and triacontyl chloride. In addition, alkenyl halides can also be employed, for example, the alkenyl halides corresponding to the above examples. In addition, the halide may contain other elements besides carbon and hydrogen as, for example, where dichloroethylether is employed.

The alkyl halides can be chemically pure compounds or of commercial purity. Mixtures of alkyl halides, having carbon chain lengths falling within the range specified hereinbefore, can also be used. Examples of such mixtures are mono-chlorinated wax and mono-chlorinated kerosene. Complete instructions for the preparation of mono-chlorowax have been set forth in United States Patent 2,238,790.

Since the reaction between the alkyl halide reactant and polyethyleneimine is a condensation reaction, or an alkylation reaction, characterized by the elimination of hydrogen halide, the general conditions for such reactions are applicable herein. For certain uses it is preferable to carry out the reaction at temperatures of between about 100 and about 250 C., preferably between about 140 C. and about 200 C.,' in the presence of a basic material which is capable of reacting with the hydrogen halide to remove it. Such basic materials are, for example, sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, pyridine, tertiary alkyl It is preferred to perform the reaction between the alkyl halide reactant and polyethyleneimine in a hydrocarbon solvent under reflux conditions. The aromatic hydrocarbon solvents of the benzene series are especially preferable. Non-limiting examples of the preferred solvent are benzene, toluene, and xylene. The amount of solvent used is a variable and non-critical factor. It is dependent on the size of the reaction vessel and on the reaction temperature selected. For example, it will be apparent that the amount of solvent used can be so great that the reaction temperature is lowered thereby.

The time of reaction between the alkyl halide reactant and polyethyleneimine is dependent on the weight of the charge, the reaction temperature selected, and the means employed for removing the hydrogen halide from the reaction mixture. In practice, the reaction is continued until no more hydrogen halide is formed. In general, the time of reaction will vary widely, such as between about four and about ten hours.

It can be postulated that the reaction between the alkyl halide reactant and polyethyleneimine results in the formation of products where the alkyl group of the alkylhalide has replaced a hydrogen atom attached to a nitrogen atom. It is also conceivable that alkylation of an alkylene group of polyethyleneimine can occur. However, the exact composition of any given reaction product cannot be predicted. For example, when two moles of butyl bromide are reacted with one mole of polyethyleneimine 900, a mixture of mono-, diand triand higher N-alkylated products can be produced. Likewise, the alkyl groups can be substituted on different nitrogen atoms in different molecules of polyethyleneimine.

Thus, the term alkylation as employed herein and in the claims include alkenylation, cycloalkenylation, aralkylation, etc., and other hydrocarbonylation as well as alkylation itself.

In general, the following examples are prepared by reacting the alkyl halide with the polyethyleneimine at the desired ratio in the presence of one equivalent of base for each equivalent HCl given off during the reaction. Water formed during the reaction is removed by distillation. Where the presence of the anions, such as chlorine,

' bromine, etc., is not materialand salts and quaternary 2.1 Thus, the unit l l H -CCN- H H is the mesomer of polyethyleneimine, since polyethyleneimine may be represented by the formula 7 Example -K 430 grams of polyethyleneimine 50,000, equivalent to mesomeric units of ethyleneimine, in 500 ml. of xylene and 570 grams of sodium carbonate, equivalent to 8 moles, are placed in a reaction vessel equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a thermometer and a reflux condenser take-off for removal of volatile components. The stirred reactants are heated to about 100 C. whereupon 1140 g. (8 mols) of dichloroethyl ether is started in slowly at such a rate that the temperature of the reaction vessel contents never exceeds. 165 C., but preferably stays around 135 C. The reaction is exothermic and 5-6 hours are required to add all the dichloroethyl ether. After all the dichloroethyl' ether has been added, the temperature is allowed to drop to about 90100 whereupon reduced pressure is applied to the reaction vessel and all xylene stripped out. The material left in the vessel is a thick brown liquid which solidifies upon cooling to a glassy-solid.

Example 8-A The equivalent of 8 mesomeric units, based on polyethyleneimine, of the material 8A (Table I) in 300 g. xylene is placed in a reaction vessel described in the above example for 5-K2. 340 grams anhydrous sodium carbonate, equivalent to 3.2 moles are added followed by 1.6 moles dimethyl sulfate. The temperature is then brought up to 125 C. and held there for a period of 6-8 hours. Xylene is then removed under reduced temperature and pressure conditions as in the example for 5K The resulting product, a dark amber material, is very viscous at ordinary temperature.

Example O HK The equivalent of 10 mesomeric units based on polyethyleneimine of the material 20O H (Table V) in 300 ml. of xylene and 420 grams sodium bicarbonate, equivalent to 5 moles, are placed in an autoclave equipped with a stirring device, a thermometer and a condenser reflux device which can be closed off from the autoclave during reactions in which pressures above atmosphere are expe rienced. The autoclave is closed and heat is applied to bring up the temperature to 120130 C. at which time 5 mols methyl chloride are added slowly while never allowing pressure to exceed 5 atmospheres pressure. Several hours will be necessary to get all methyl chloride in and pressure inside the vessel down to one atmosphere. At this point the reflux condenser is opened, the temperature is allowed to drop to 90100 C. and a slight vacuum applied in order to reflux the xylene out of the autoclave. The resulting material is a very viscous amber colored liquid.

The reactions shown in the following table are carried out in a similar manner. Each reaction in the table is carried out in two ways (1) in the presence of base, as in 5-K to yield the alkylation product and (2) in the absence of base to yield the halogen-containing or sulfatecontaining (5-K X) products.

The alkylated products of this invention contain primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amino groups. By controlling the amount of alkylation agent employed and the conditions of the reaction, etc., one can control the type and amount of alkylation. For example, by reaction less than the stoichiometric amount of alkylati'on agent one could preserve the presence of nitrogen-bonded hydrogen present on the molecule and by exhaustive alkylation in the presence of sufficient basic material, one can form more highly alkylated compounds.

The moles of alkylating agent reacted with polyethyleneimine will depend on the number of alkylation reactive positions contained therein as well as the number of moles of alkylating agent one wishes to incorporate into the molecule. Theoretically, every hydrogen bonded to a nitrogen atom can be alkylated. We have advantageously reacted 1-20 moles of alkylating agent per moles of polyethyleneimine 900 but preferably 1-12 moles. With polyethyleneimine 20,000 greater amounts of alkylating agent can be employed, for example 1-50 moles, and with polyethyleneimine 40,000, 1-100 moles, etc. Optimum alkylation will depend on the particular application.

In addition, the alkyl halide may contain functional groups. For example, chloroacetic acid can be reacted with polyethyleneimine to yield a compound containing carboxylic acid groups.

i2Hzs-N) ..-P(0 Hi 011).. The symbol employed to designate an alkylated polyethyleneimine is K. Where the product is a salt or a quaternary the symbol is KX. Thus, for example, where no acceptor base is employed and a salt is allowed to form 1A O K would be 1A O KX.

TABLE VI.ALKYLATED PRODUCTS Mols M01. wt. alkylating Physical Ex. PE Alkylatmg agent agent per properties mesomer unit Allyl chloride 0. 2 Viscous liquid. 0. 7 Do. 0. 3 Do. -...do 0.8 Solid.

Methyl chloride- 0. 3 Viscous liquid. .do 1. 0 Solid.

Ethylene dichloride- 0.2 Viscous liquid. .--..do 0.5 Do. 1,4-dichlorobutene-2. 0. 2 Do. .....do 0.5 Do. Dimethyl sulfate...- 0.2 Do. do 0.4 Do.

Dodecylbenzene 0. 2 Solid.

chloride. -.do 0.5 Do. Butyl chloride 0. 3 Viscous liquid. --do 0.6 Do. Dichlorodiethyl 0. 2 D0.

ether. ..do 0.8 Solid.

Bcnzyl chloride 0.3 Viscous liquid. --..-do 0. 8 Solid.

Ethylene dichloride. 0.2 Viscous liquid 0. 8 Do. 0.3 Do. .....do 1.0 Solid.

1,4-xylidene chloride. 0. 2 Viscous liquid. ....do 0.2 Do.

Dodecenyl chloride 0. 2 Solid. Methyl chloride. 0. 5 Viscous liquid. Benzyl chloride. 0. 4 Solid. 8-A1K. Dimethyl sulfate.-- 0.2 Viscous liquid. Dichlorodiethyl 0. 4 Do.

ether. 1,4-dichlorobutene-2. O. 3 Do. Benzyl chloride. 0. 4 Solid. Methyl chloride-- 0. 7 Do. Ethylene dichloride. 0.2 Viscous liquid. 6-021; Beuzyl chloride. 0. 4 Solid. 11-OzK- Dimethyl sulfate... 0.2 Viscous liquid.

TABLE VL-ALKYLATED PRODUCTS-Continued Mols Mol. wt. alkylating Physical Ex. PE Alkylating agent agent per properties mesomer unit 14O1K Dichlorodiethyl 0. 4 Solid.

ether. Methyl chloride- 0. 6 Do. Dodecyl benzyl 0. 2 Solid.

oride. 1,4-xylylene dichlor- 0.2 Viscous ide. liquid Benzyl chloride. 0. Solid. Methyl chloride. 0. 6 D0. Dodeceiiyl chloride 0. 2 Do. Ethylene dichloride- 0. 3 Viscous liquid 1,4-dichl0robutene-2. 0. 2 Do. Beuzyl chloride. 0. 4 Solid. Dichlorodiethyl 0. 4 Do ether. 12A,' OzK Methyl chloride. 0.5 Do. 1-01A1K. Octadecyl chloride. 0.2 Do. 2O5AK- Benzyl chloride. 0. 4 Do. 14-OBAK Dichlorodiethyl 0. 3 Viscous ether. liquid. 22O5AK Methyl chloride.. 0. 6 Do. 26-05AK--. Benzyl chloride. 0.6 Solid. 1O2HK.- .....do 0. 4 Do. 7-OHK Dichlorodiethyl 0.2 Viscous ether. liquid 11O|HK Ethylene dichloride. 0. 2 Do. 20-O1HK. Methyl chloride. 0.5 Do. 2502HK... Dimethyl sulfate.-- 0.2 Do.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than polyethyleneimine and its deriva- In addition to the above examples wherein a base acceptor is employed to remove the acid anion such as halogen, sulfate, etc., the above examples are also prepared omitting the inorganic base from the reaction medium. When this is done, a halogen containing salt, quaternary, etc. is formed. Examples where such salts are formed will be designated as above except that they will contain an X designation for example instead of lO' A K they will be 1O A KX, and instead of 22O AK they will be 22O AKX, etc. X indicates salt formation.

ALKYLATED THEN ACYLATION The alkylated material prepared above can be further treated with acylating agent where residual acylatablc amino groups are still present on the molecule. The acylation procedure is essentially that described above wherein carboxylic acids reactwith the alkylated polyethyleneimine under dehydrating conditions to form amides and cyclic amidines. The product depends on the ratio of moles of water removed for each carboxylic acid group, i.e., 1 mole water/1 mole carboxylic essentially amides; more than 1 mole water/1 mole carboxylic acid group, essentially cyclic amidines, such as imidazolines.

Such compounds are illustrated in the following table. The symbol employed to designate alkylatecl, acylated products is KA and 'acylated, alkylated, acylated products is AKA.

TABLE VII.AOYLATED, PRIOR ALKYLATED POLYETHYLENEINEINE OR DERIVATIVE i E 1 A 1 t Rathlrt nols Mols oivdvater Ph 1 xamp 6 cy a ing acy a ing remove per ysica TAB VI-A-ACYLATED PRODUCTS agent agent per mol mol of properties PE deriv. reactant Mols Mp1. wt. alkylfltmg 1-K2A Laurie 4:1 1 Viscous Ex. PE Alkylating agent agent per properties liquid mesorner 2-K A Oleic.. 1: 1 1. 5 Do. unit 3K A Palmitic. 1:1 1 Do.

4g giinericuu. 0. 3:1 1 Solid. 1 oiianoie.-. 1 iscous 500 Allyl chloride. 0. 2 Viscous liquid quid. 5-K2A Ricinoleic.-- 2: 1 1. 8 Do. 7 5-K A Succinic 2: 1 1 Do. 3 anhydride 0.8 Do. alkyl 0.7 Do. (on). 1. 0 Do. 5-K4A Stearic 1:1 1. 5 Solid. 0.2 Do. (i-K A Myristic-...- 2:1 1 Viscous 0.5 Do. liquid. 0. 2 D0- 2AA R A Acetic 2:1 1 DO. 5 6 A4KA Diglycolic.-. 1:1 1 D0. ell 2 2-O1KA Laurie 2; 1 1 Viscous --do 0. 4 D liquid. Dodecylbenzene 0.2 Solid. 1 0, 01 ,1 2:1 1, 3 chloride. 1-OzHKA Maleic an- 1:1 Solid.

5 hydride. 0.3 Do. 0.6 Do. 2 The following table presents specific illustrations of 30. compounds other than polyethyleneimine and its derivao. 0 8 tives.

38' TABLE VIIA.ACYLATED, PRIOR ALKYLATED POLYPROPYLENEIMINE OR DERIVATIVE 0. 8 Viscous liquid Ratio, mols Mols of Water Methyl chloride....- 0. 3 D0. Example Acylating acylating removed per Physical Ethylene dichloride. 0.8 Do. agent agent per mol mol of properties Dichlorodietliyl 0.2 Solid. PE deriv. reactant ether. Benzyl chloride.-.-- 0.6 Do. 4 1-4-dichlorobutene2. 0.3 Do. 7-KzA Myristic-.... 2:1 1 Viscous Dodecenyl chloride.. 0.5 Viscous liquid liquid. 8K3A Acetic. 2:1 1 Do. Benzyl chloride..... 0. 2 Do. Diglycolic... 1:1 1 Do. 1,4 xylylene 1.0 Do. Laurie. 2:1 1 dichloride. 01810 2; 1 1. 3 Do. Dodeeyl benzene 0.8 Do. Maleic an- 1:1 Solid.

chloride. hydride. Dirnethyl sulfate..- 0.3 Solid. Laurie 4:1 1 Viscous Ethylene dichloride. 0.7 Do. liquid. Butyl chloride 0.2 Do. Oleic.. 1:1 1. 5 Do. Allyl chloride- 0. 5 D0. Palmit c. 1:1 1 Do. Benzyl chloride. 0. 3 Viscous Dimeric. 0. 5 1 1 Do. liquid. Nonanoic- 2; 1 1 Do. Methyl chloride. 1. 0 Solid. Ricinoleic. 2:1 1.8 Do. Ethylene dichloride. 0.6 D0- 19-AaOaKA.. Alkyl S110- 2:1 Solid. Dichloro pentane.- 0.5 Do. cinic an- Dichlorodiethyl 0. 2 Do. hydride ether. i I 11; Dimethyl su1fatc.... 1.0 Do. 44OsAKA.. Stearic l 1 1 VlS C011 S 51-0 Methyl chloride. 0. 8 Do. liquid. 4 -0 11 Allyl cliloride.- 0. 5 Do. 46-O3HKA..... Myristic-.. 2:1 1 Do. zo-A o H Butyl chloride v 0.2 Do. 2()A102HKA-- Acetic 1:1 1 Do.

25 OL-EFINATION Olefination relates to the reaction of polyethyleneimine and derivatives with olefins.

The compositions of this invention, including polyethyleneimine itself as well as reaction products thereof containing active hydrogens, can be reacted with unsaturated compounds, particular compounds containing activated double bonds, so as to add polyethyleneimine across the double bonds as illustrated herein:

Where the compound contains an additional active hydrogen, other unsaturated molecules can be added to the original molecule for example:

H PN=(CH2CH2COR)2 Where one or more active hydrogens are present at another reactive site, the following reaction could take place:

In addition, .polyethyleneimine and derivatives thereof containing active hydrogens can be used to prepare telomers of polymer prepared from vinyl monomers.

The following are examples of olefination. The symbol employed to designate olefination is U and alkylation, olefination KU.

Example 1-U The olefination reaction is carried out in the usual glass resin apparatus. Since the reaction is that of a double bond with an active hydrogen, no water is eliminated. The reaction is relatively simple, as shown by the following example:

Charge 900 grams of polyethyleneimine 900 in xylene (1 mol) into glass resin apparatus. Care should be taken that the PEI 900 is water-free, to eliminate undesirable side reactions. At room temperature, slowly add 53 grams of acrylonitrile (1 mol). The reaction proceeds smoothly without the aid of a catalyst. Warm gently to 80-100 C. and stir for one hour.

Example 6-U To 1,000 grams of polyethyleneimine 100,000 (0.01 mol) in 300 grams of xylene, add 1.24 grams of divinyl sulfone' (0.01 mol) at room temperature. This reaction is exothermic and the ambient temperature is employed.

Example 2O KAU Same reactions as Example l-U except that 1 mol of methyl acrylate is substituted for acrylonitrile and 2O KA is substituted for the polyethylenei-mine 900. Part of this product is thereupon saponified with sodium hydroxide to form the fatty amino acid salt.

Further examples of the reaction are summarized in the following table:

TABLE VIII.OLEFINATION Mol. weight w Mols 01 Example of polyethy- Olefin olefin per Time Temp, C

leneimine mol PE 900 Acrylonitrile 1:1 80-100 900 Methylacrylate 2:1 80-100 900 Styrene 3:1 90 5, 000 Ethyl cinnamate 2:1 120 5,000 Ethyl crotonate 2:1 125 5,000 Dioetyl maleate. 2:1 100 11, 500 Divinyl sull'one- 1:1 11, 500 Styrene 1:1 90 11, 500 Lauryl methacryla e 2:1 135 20, 000 Divinyl sulfone 1:1 -100 20, 000 Methyl methacrylate" 1:1 80-100 20, 000 Aerylonitrile 3:1 80-100 3:1 80-100 3:1 80-100 3:1 1:1 70 2:1 125 100, 000 Dioctyl maleate 2:1

Olefin Mols of olefin Time Temp 0 per mol PE Styrene 1:1 1 hour 90 Divinyl sultone. 1 1 70 Methylaerylate 1 1 80-100 Divinyl sulfone 1:1 70 3:1 90 1:1 100 2:1 100 2:1 Divinyl sulfone 1:1 70 Styrene 4:1 90 Acrylonitrile 3:1 80-100 Methylaerylate. 3:1 80-100 Acrylonitrile. 3:1 80-100 Methyl methacrylate. 1 1 80-100 Divinyl sufone 1:1 70 Lauryl methacrylate, 2:1 Divinyl sulfone 1 z 1 70 Dioetyl maleate 2:1 100 Ethyl crotonate- 2:1 125 Ethyl cinnamate 2:1 120 2A KAU Styrene 3:1 90 2-O1KAU. Methylaerylate 2:1 80-100 1OHKAU Aerylonitrile 1:1 80-100 The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than polyethyleneimine and its derivatives.

28 2-hydroxy-6-methylbenzaldehyde Q-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde 2-4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde TABLE VIIIA.OLEFINATION OF POLYPROPYLENEIMINE Molecular Mols of weight of olefin per Time in Temp, Example polypropyl- Olefin mol of polyhours C.

eneirnine propylene- A imme Styrene 1:1 1 90 Divmyl sulfone 1:1 1 Acrylonitrile... 2:1 1 -100 Dioctyl maleat 1:1 2 120 Methylacrylate". 1:1 1 110 Ethyl cinnaniate 3:1 2 125 Lauryl methacrylate. 1 :1 3 130 Ethyl crotonate 1:1 3 120 Aerylonitrile. 4: 1 1 80-100 Styrene 2: 1 1 Divinyl sull'one 1 :1 1 80 Methylacrylate 2: 1 1 Lauryl methaerylate- 1:1 3 Styrene 2:1 1 90 Divinyl sulfone. 1:1 1 80 Methyl acrylate 2:1 2 iAcrylonitrile 3:1 1 80 Dioctyl maleate 1:1 4 110 2-6-dihydroxybenzaldehyde CARBONYLATION 25 Lesser molar ratios of aldehyde to polyaminewould yield mono-Schitis base such as H H o =N O H20 HzN)C H10 HaNHz et'c., and other isomeric configurations, such as where the Schiifs base is present on the non-terminal amino group rather than on the terminal amino group, etc.

A wide variety of aldehyde may be employed such as aliphatic, aromatic, 'cycloaliphatic, heterocyclic, etc., in-

cluding substituted derivatives such as those containing aryloxy, halogen, heterocyclic, amino, nitro, cyano, car- 'boxyl, etc. groups there-of. Non-limiting examples are the following:

Aldehydes Benzaldehyde Z-methylbenzaldehyde 3-methylbenzaldehyde 4-methylbenz-aldel1yde Z-methoxybenzaldehyde 4-methoxybenzaldehyde a-Naphthaldehyde S-Naphthaldehyde 4-phenylbenzaldehyde Propionaldehyde n-Butyraldehyde Heptaldehyde Aldol 2 -hydroxybenzaldehyde Z-hydroxynaphthaldehyde-1 1-hydroxynaphthaldehyde-2 Anthrol-Z-aldehyde-l 2-hydroxyfluorene-aldehyde-1 4-hydr-oxydiphenyl-aldehyde-3 3-hydroxyphenanthrene-aldehyde-4 1-3-dihydroxy-2-4-dialdehydebenzene 2-hydroxy-S-chlorobenzaldehyde *Z-hydroxy-S-chlorobenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-3 :S-dibromobenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzaldehyde Z-hydroxy-B-cyanobenzaldehyde 2-hydroxy-3-carboxybenzaldehyde I 4-hydroxypyridine-aldehyde-3 4-hydroxyquinoline-aldehyde-3 7-hydroxyquinoline-aldehyde-8 Formaldehyde Glyoxal Glyceraldehyde In addition to increasing the molecular weight by means of aldehydes, these compounds result in the formation of cyclic compounds. Probably both molecular weight increase and cyclization occur during the reaction. The following examples illustrate the reaction of carbonyl compounds with polyethyleneimines. The symbol employed to designate carbonylation is C, acylation,

carbonylation AC, and alkylation, earbonylation KC.

Example 1-C Charge 900 grams of polyethyleneimine 900 and 900 grams of xylene into a conventional glass resin apparatus fitted with a stirrer, thermometer and sidearm trap. Raise temperature to 90 C. and slowly add 44 grams of acetaldehyde 1 mol). Hold at this temperature for three hours. Vacuum is then applied until all xylene is stripped olf. The reaction mass is a thick dark liquid which is soluble in water. i

Example 5-C Using the same apparatus as above, charge 500 g.- (0.1) of polyethyleneimine 5,000. While stirring, add slowly at room temperature 8.2 grams of 37% aqueous formaldehyde (0.1 mol of HCHO). After the reaction has ceased, raise temperature to 100 C. The reaction mass TAB LE IX.-CARB ONYLATION M01 ratio M01. weight of aldehyde to Temp., Example polyethyl- Aldehyde polyethyl- C. Time enermme eneimme or deriv.

900 Acetaldehyde. 1:1 90 3 hours 900 do 2: 1 90 Do. 900 ,do 3:1 90 Do. Heptaldehyde. 5:1 125 4 hours .do 3:1 125 1:1 125 0 2:1 80 1 hour 1:1 80 0 0. 5:1 0 6:1 140 3 hours 5:1 140 o 3: 1 140 Do 3:1 1 hour. 21 1 Do. 2: 1 1 Do. 6:1 5 hours 3:1 125 0 100, do. 2:1 125 Do 100, 000 Salicylaldehyde... 3:1 120 2 hours 100,000 do 2:1 120 0 1:1 120 0 3:1 110 1 hour 2:1 110 0 Mol ratio Example Aldehyde aldehyde to Temp., Tlme polyethyl- C.

eneimine 1 0 C Benzaldehyde 1:1 110 1 hour. Glyoxal 3: l 100 2 hours ,do 2:1 100 Do o l 1:1 100 o Formaldehyde 3: 1 1 hour. 2:1 0. 'do 1:1 o. G1yceraldehyde 3:1 '4 hours. do l 2:1 130 0. 12-0 110 Furfuraldehyde 3:1 100 1 hour. 17O3AC "410 2:1 100 0. 26-01110 do 1:1 100 Do. 1O;HC Heptaldehyde 3:1 6 hours. 1K1C. do 2: 1 140 o. 5-K:C- 1:1 140 Do. 1K,AC Formaldehyde. 3: 1 1 hour. 5,U1C 0 2:1 D0. 3O1UC do 1:1 Do.

1 Start at 25 0., raise to 100 C. 2 Start at 25 C. Raise to 90 0.

The following table presents specific illustration of compounds other than polyethyleneimine and its derivatives.

TAB LE IXA.CA RBONYLATION TABLE IXA.ntimwd Mol ratio of aldehyde to Time Example Aldehyde polypropyl- Temp., C. in hours eneimine or derivative Glycol-aldehyde 3:1 125 4 eptaldehyde... 2:1 125 v 4 Furt'uraldehyde 1:1 100 2 Glyoxal 1:1 90 1 Benzaldehyde 4:1 120 2 Formaldehyd 1: l 1 1:1 100 2 2:1 100 2 3:1 100 2 1:1 130 3 2:1 130 3 3:1 130 3 3:1 125 2 2:1 125 2 1:1 125 2 2:1 100 1 1:1 100 1 0. :1 100 1 2:1 70 1 1:1 70 1 1 Start at 25 0., raise to 100 C.

The examples presented above are non-limiting examples. It should be clearly understood that various other combinations, order of reactions, reaction ratios, multiplicity of additions, etc., can be employed. Where additional reactive groups are still present on the molecule, the reaction can be repeated with either the original reactant or another reactant.

The type of compound prepared is evident from the letters assigned to the examples. Thus, taking the branched polyamine as the starting material, the following example designations have the following meaning:-

7 Example designation Meaning (1) A Acylated. (2) A0 Acylated, then oxyalkylated. (3) AOA Acylated, then oxyalkylated, then acrylated. (4) AOH Acylated, then oxyalkylated, then heat treated. (5) AX Salt or quaternary of (1). (6) AOX Salt or quaternary of (2). (7) AOAX Salt or quaternary of (3). (8) AOHX Salt or quaternary of (4). v (9) O Oxyalkylated.

(10) 0A Oxyalkylated, then acylated. (11) OH Oxyalkylated, then heat treated. (12) K Alkylated. (13) KX Salt or quaternary of (12). (14) KA Alkylated, then acylated. (15) AK Acylated, then alkylated. (16) AKX Salt or quaternary of (15). (17) OK Oxyalkylated, then alkylated. (18) OKX Salt or quaternary of (17). (19) C Carbonylated. (20) AC Acylated, then carbonylated. (21) KC Alkylated, then carbonylated. (22) CO Carbonylated, then oxyalkylated. (23) U Olefinated. (24) AU Acylated, then olefinated. (25) KU Alkylated, then olefinated. (26) KUX Salt or quaternary of (25).

In addition to polyethyleneimine itself, other polyalkyleneimines can be employed, a typical example of which is polypropyleneimines. Propyleneimine is now commercially available and can be polymerized to the polymer and polypropyleneimine can then be reacted in a manner similar to those reactions shown above. Thus, the teachings contained herein also apply to other polyalkyleneimines besides polyethyleneimine and derivatives thereof.

USE AS A CHELATING AGENT This phase of the invention relates to the use of the compounds of our invention as chelating agents and to the chelates thus formed.

Chelation is a term applied to designate cyclic structures arising'from the combination of metallic atoms with organic or inorganic molecules or ions. Chelates are very important industrially because one of the unusual features of the chelate ring compounds is their unusual stability in which respect they resemble the aromatic rings of organic chemistry. Because of the great affinity of chelating compounds for metals and because of the great stability of the chelates they form, they are very important industrially.

The compositions of this invention are excellent chelating agents. They are particularly suitable for forming chelates of great stability with a wide variety of metals.

Chelating metals comprise magnesium, aluminum, arsenic, antimony, chromium, iron, cobalt, nickel, palladium, and platinum. Particularly preferred of such metals as chelate constituents are iron, nickel, copper and cobalt.

The chelates formed from the compositions of our invention are useful as bactericidal and fungicidal agents, particularly in the case of the copper chelates. In addition the chelates can be employed to stabilize hydrocarbon oils against the deleterious eifects of oxidation.

In general, these chelates are prepared by adding a sufficient amount of a metal salt to combine with a compound of this invention. They are prepared by the general method described in detail by Hunter and Marriott in the Journal of the Chemical Society (London), 1937, 2000, which relates to the formation of chelates from metal ions and salicylidene imines.

The following examples are illustrative of the preparation of chelates.

' Example I-Ar,

. a clean and polished iron strip indicates that the copper is effectively removed from solution by the formation of a chelate.

Example 1-0 An aqueous solution of 0.1 mole of the chelating agent of Example 1-0 is added to an aqueous solution containi g (.1025 mole ferrous sulfate. Lack of the usual formation of a red sediment in the water subsequently due to oxidation and precipitation of iron as hydrated oxide shows the iron had been chelated while in the ferrous form by the reagent 1O and thus effectively removed from further reactions.

Example 1A O An aqueous solution of 0.1 mole of the chelating agent 1A O is treated with an aqueous solution containing 0.01 mole nickelous acetate. The solution turns to a darker green indicating that a chelate type of material had been formed.

To avoid repetitive details, chelates are formed from the above copper, iron and nickel salts and the compounds shown in the following table.

Chelating agents:

Polyethyleneimine, molecular wt. 900 Polyethyleneimine, molecular wt. 5,000 Polyethyleneimine, molecular wt. 11,500 Polyethyleneimine, molecular wt. 20,000 Polyethyleneimine, molecular wt. 50,000 Polyethyleneimine, molecular wt. 100,000

i-A 16-O4H no, 4-K, 10-0 s-K, 16-0 s-K, 19-0 6-K2 20-0 20-O1KX 22-0 1K2A 1-A5O1 I-OZHKA 24O4A 6-11, 1-0 11 Polypropyleneimine, molecular weight 500 Polypropyleneimine, molecular weight 1,000 Polypropyleneimine, molecular weight 5,000 Polypropyleneimine, molecular weight 10,000 Polypropyleneimine, molecular Weight 20,000 Polypropyleneimine, molecular weight 40,000

AGENTS FOR SCALE PREVENTION This phase of the invention relates to the use of the compounds of this invention in a process for removing from surfaces, particularly of pipes and other processing equipment, deposits of inorganic solids arising from the passage of aqueous media therethrough, and for inhibiting and preventing the accumulation of such deposits on such surfaces. They are particularly adapted for use in equipment used in producing and handling crude oil, since the water produced from the earth along with the oil often deposits inorganic solids as a scale in the well tubing, or, more commonly, in traps, heaters, or other surface equipment, and in some instances even in pipelines. They are likewise valuable in controlling deposits or scales of such inorganic solids which may accumulate in steam-generating equipment if somewhat hard waters are used. Utility of these compounds is not limited to such characteristic applications; they may be used in other instances where scales or deposits of inorganic solids originating from naturally-occurring constituents of aqueous media constitute a nuisance in industrial or other activities. I

The scales or deposits of inorganic solids that occur in hard water with which this invention is concerned are clearly to be distinguished from accumulations of solid 34 organic matter, whose removal is the subject-matter of Patent No. 2,470,831, dated May 24, 1949.

The accumulations with which this phase of the present invention is concerned are also to *be distinguished at the outset from accumlations of mud solids in the form of mud sheaths. Mud sheaths are essentially filter cakes of water-insoluble solids of natural clay solids or of lbarite, iron oxide, bentonite, or other inorganic solids used in preparing and conditioning drilling mud and orig inally present as an aqueous suspension. The inorganic solids with which the present invention is concerned may be thought of as being originally water-soluble inorganic solids which have been precipitated as hard-water scale by the application of heat, the loss of carbon dioxide or some other constituents, or in some cases by the chilling of the aqueous medium as it passes through the conduit or apparatus which exhibits the scaling, etc. Accumulations of such solids are recurring problems.

The process which constitutes this phase of our invention consists in applying to inorganic solid deposits of the kind described the compounds of the present invention to the end that such inorganic solids are removed from the surfaces to which they originally adhered. By such means, the capacity of pipes, towlines, pipelines, traps, tanks, pumps, and other equipment supporting such deposits is materially increased. The exact nature of the action taking place when our reagent are used is unknown to us.

It will be apparent that if our reagents are applied to a system lWhlCh periodically accumulates such deposits of inorganic solids, before appreciable deposition has occurred, and if such application of reagents is practiced continuously or with sufficient frequency, the operation may be considered a preventive process, rather than a corrective one. If applied in somewhat insuflicient quantity to a deposit already accumulated, it may accomplish partial reduction of such deposit, rather than complete removal. Our process is therefore both a preventive and a corrective one, and may be applied in either sense, to achieve the same ultimate goal, viz, improvement of the capacity of conduits through which fluids are passed.

Our process is equally applicable to systems in which a deposit of inorganic salts is already in existence and to systems which are potentially susceptible to such deposition. When we use the word inhibiting, we mean to include therein the prevention, reduction, and removal of such deposits of inorganic solids.

These compositions are usually used diluted with a suitable diluent, such as water or a water-insoluble organic liquid capable of acting as an oil solvent.

In treating system in which oil is present, we prefer to mix the compounds with a water-insoluble organic liquid capable of acting as an oil solvent, and to employ such mixture in the form of a relatively stable aqueous dispersion. By relatively stable aqueous dispersion, we mean one that is not resolved into its components spontaneously on standing for protracted period of time, e.g., for more than one hour. However, such preferred mixture may be employed undiluted or dispersed in oil. These compounds may be mixed with water, especially if in salt form, to produce a relatively stable aqueous dispersion, and may be used as such or diluted further with water. In general, we believe the form of the reagent in which a water-insoluble organic liquid is incorporated gives superior results, at least where the system to be treated includes oil.

Some of the compounds of our invention are freely dispersible in water in the free state. In other instances, the free forms of the reagents are substantially Waterinsoluble, but the salt forms (e.g., the acetates) are very water-dispersible. In such cases we prefer to employ the water-dispersible form by neutralizing the compound to produce a salt which will be water-dispersible. We have found, for example, that the acetate, hydroxyacetate, lactate, gluconate, propionate, caprate, phthalate, fumarate, maleate, benzoate, succinate, oxalate; tartarate, chloride, nitrate, or sulfate, prepared by addition of the suitable acid to the compound, usually constitutes a reagent which is somewhat more soluble or dispersible in water than many of the original compounds. It is to be understood that references to the reagents, in these specifications and claims, include the reagent in the form of salts, as well as in the free form and the hydrated form.

Depending upon the choice of compound and its molecular weight, the solubility may be expected to range from ready water-solubility in the free state substantially to water-insolubility. As stated above, the salts, and specifically the acetates, generally show improved water-solubility over the simple compound and We have obtained the best results by using salt forms which possess appreciable water-solubility.

For a number of reasons it is usually desirable to mix the compounds with a'suitable diluent before use in our process. Water is sometimes the most desirable diluent, being cheap and available. In some instances, as above noted, especially where the scale-susceptible system includes oil we prefer to use a water-insoluble organic liquid, which is capable of acting as an oil solvent, for the diluent. Many materials lend themselves to this use, One of the most common is the aromatic fraction of petroleum distillates. Edeleanu extract, which comprises aromatic and unsaturated compounds, is frequently found useful. In some cases stove oil or a similar petroleum distillate is usable. Oil solvents like carbon tetrachloride or carbon disulfide are usable, although their comparatively high cost militates against their use. Amylene dichloride is sometimes a desirable material for the present purpose, as are tetrachloroethane, tetraline, trichloroethylene, 'benzol and its homologs, cyclohexane, etc. This component of our reagent should naturally be compatible with other ingredient thereof; otherwise its selection is not limited. Cost and availability will influence the selection. We prefer to use an aromatic p troleum solvent as a widely available reagent of good properties and low cost for the present use.

To prepare our reagents, when diluents are included, the components are simply mixed together in suitable proportions. The optimum proportion of each will vary, depending on its properties; but in general the resulting mixture should be homogeneous.

We also require that the finished reagent produce a relatively stable aqueous dispersion. In cases where the ingredients form thoroughly homogeneous mixtures which are not water-dispersible, the transformation of the reagent into its salt form will sometimes accomplish this purpose. In such cases, we have prefer-ably used acetic acid to effect this neutralization.

The reagent may be employed in undiluted form, except for the dilution employed in manufacture, to deliver it in readily usable form. In such cases, the reagent as compounded is simply introduced into the pipe or apparatus from whose surface a deposit or scale of inorganic solids is to be removed or deposition thereon inhibited. In such cases, there is undoubtedly produced an aqueous dispersion of the reagent if water is present in or passing through such apparatus. Such addition of undiluted reagent into a stream containing aqueous components may be con-- sidered equivalent to introducing a previously prepared aqueous dispersion of our reagent.

In most cases, an aqueous dispersion is obtained almost spontaneously on mixing with water our reagents and preferred non-aqueous diluent. We prefer to employ such embodiments of our reagents in aqueous dispersion, because, when so employed, the components of the reagent are prevented from separating from each other by the influence of oily materials present in the pipe or apparatus to be treated.

When a water-insoluble organic liquid is employed as diluent in preparing our reagents, we prefer to employ a considerable excess of reagent over what would be exactly required to effect dispersion of the water-insoluble organic liquid in water. Such excess further prevents any separation of the phases, enhancing the stability of the dispersion so that it will remain stable for at least several hours. The excess of reagents also acts to lower the surface tension of the whole reagent, because of which the reagent exhibits a marked penetrating effect. In this way, it is carried into the crevices and irregularities of the deposit, weakening the bond between the deposit of inorganic solids and the supporting wall.

As a preferred example of reagent, we employ a 20% by weight dispersion in aromatic petroleum solvent, including 2% by weight of concentrated acetic acid in the finished reagent in some instances. We prefer to employ this reagent in the form of a dilute aqueous dispersion, of about 5% by weight concentration. Sometimes aqueous dispersions containing as little as 1% of the reagent are fully effective. Sometimes it is desirable to introduce the reagent in the form of a more concentrated aqueous dispersion, as when additional water is expected to be encountered in the system being treated. This preferred reagent may of course be introduced in undiluted form, if desired, it has been successfully so used.

From the foregoing, it will be understood that our process, broadly stated, consists in subjecting a deposit of inorganic solids of the kind described above to the action of a reagent of the kind described. Merely introducing our reagent continuously into a scaled-up system usually results in the more or less complete removal of the scale within a reasonable time. Agitating the reagent in the system sometimes facilities removal of the scale deposits, as does allowing the reagent to stand in the system and soak it for any desired time.

The theory of the mode of operation of our process is uncertain; but the effects of applying the process are striking. Capacity of pipes and apparatus is usually promptly and markedly increased. Line pressure which 'have increased with deposition of the inorganic solids fall to normal within a short time; and sometimes size-able chunks of the dislodged deposit are observed in the stream from the wells or lines, or screens inserted into such streams for purposes of observation, or even, at times, by their erosive effects on valves. or other equipment downstream the deposit.

Our reagents may be applied in many ways, depending on the location and character of the deposit of inorganic solids it is proposed to remove or whose deposition is to be inhibited. In the case of pipe, it is usually preferred to introduce, by means of a small proportioning pump, a continuous small stream of reagent, either undiluted or diluted as desired, upstream the deposit, until the latter is dislodged and removed. In some apparatus, it is most practicable to fill the whole with an aqueous solution or dispersion of the reagent, and allow a considerable soaking period to elapse before again pumping. As stated above, we prefer to introduce our reagents in aqueous dispersion, and continuously in small proportions, to in-- hibit or to remove inorganic solid deposits of the kind here under consideration. The essential step of our process is that our reagent is brought into contact with the deposit; and the latter is thereby caused to become dislodged from its supporting surface.

The following specific examples will illustrate typical applications of our process.

Example .IA7

The surface flow system from an oil well regularly accumulates a hard scale which includes an appreciable proportion of carbonates precipitated from .the oil well water as a compact, adherent deposit, reaching thickness of A" or greater, in the header manifolds, trap valves, rundown lines, etc. Trap valves at the highand low pressure traps are favorable observation points, in that they scale-up soonest after cleaning. General practice at 37 the location is to produce the well as long as possible, shut down, and then remove the scale manually from all accessible locations in the system. The operation is required to be repeated at intervals of about three Weeks.

A reagent comprising a 20 weight percent solution of compound ].A7 of the following table in an aromatic solvent is introduced continuously into the system upstream the high-pressure trap at the rate of 1 gallon to 1,500 barrels of water produced by the well. Inspection of accessible points, which normally scale-up within three weeks, is made regularly from the beginning of such application of reagent. After about a month, inspection shows a slight deposit of solids on the trap valves, very soft and readily removable. Three months later, the injection of reagent is still continuing, the well having never been shut down for scale removal, and there is no evidence of appreciable scale accumulation in the system.

Example 17-O H This example is cited to illustrate the removal approach, rather than the inhibition or prevention approach of the previous example.

An oil Well production system has accumulated scale to the point where it could handle only about 9,000 barrels of fluid daily, against a rated capacity of 12,000 barrels daily. Any attempt to increase the flow through the traps caused them to pop their contents of crude oil. The compound of l7O H (20 Weight percent solution in aromatic solvent) is injected at the well head, just downstream the flow beam, after preliminary inspection of the degree of scale deposition has been made. Such inspection shows that flow valves upstream the master trap, the manifold, and also the trap discharge valve are heavily scaled. The rate of reagent feed is 1 gallon to 1,500 barrels of well water. Within a week after introduction of our reagent has begun, sustained unrestricted flow at 12,000 barrels daily is again effected.

Re-inspection of accessible points shows some of them to be entirely free from scale deposits, points previously scaled hard. In other cases, the scale has not been entirely removed in the short time of application of our reagent; but the remaining accumulations are very soft in character.

This second example illustrates the fact that our process may be successfully applied as a scale-removing process; and the fact that incomplete removal is found at several points in the system after a short period of treatment illustrates the scale-reduction feature of our process.

Example 4O In a third application of our process, we employ compound 4-0 in the form of the acetate, prepared as a 20 weight percent aromatic solvent solution diluted with water I to a solution. This material is introduced into a pipe carrying oil and water at the rate as in the preceding two examples. Such introduction effectively inhibits the accumulation of scale in such pipe.

Examples of compounds capable of being similarly employed are shown in the following table.

Agents used for scale prevention:

Polyethyleneimine, mol. wt. 5,000

Agents used for scale prevention:

Polypropyleneimine, molecular wt. 500 Polypropyleneimine, molecular Wt. 1,000 Polypropyleneimine, molecular wt. 5,000 Polypropyleneimine, molecular wt. 10,000

'38 Polypropyleneimine, molecular wt. 20,000 Polypropyleneimine, molecular wt. 40,000

Having thus described our invention, what we claim as new and desire to obtain by Letters Patent is:

1. A process for preventing, reducing and removing the deposition of hard water scale from the surfaces of equipment of an aqueous scale-forming media system which is characterized by subjecting said system to the action of a compound selected from the group consisting of (l) a linear polymer of a 1,2-alkyleneimine, said polymer having a molecular weight of at least 800, each alkylene unit therein having 2 to 20 carbon atoms,

(2) an acylated linear polymer of a 1,2-alkyleneimine, said polymer having a molecular weight of at least 800, each alkylene unit therein having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, formed by reacting at a temperature of from about 120 C. to about 300 C., said linear polymer with an acylating agent selected from the group consisting of (i) a carboXylic acid having 7-39 carbon atoms and (ii) a precursor of said carboxylic acid capable of forming said acid in said reaction,

(3) an oxyalkylated linear polymer of a 1,2-alkyleneimine, said polymer having a molecular weight of at least 800, each alkylene unit therein having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about C. to about 200 C. and a pressure of from about 10 psi. to about 200 psi, said polymer with an alkylene oxide having at least 2 carbon atoms,

(4) an alkylated linear polymer of a 1,2-alkyleneimine, said polymer having a molecular weight of at least 800, each alkylene unit therein having 2 to 20 carbons, formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about C. to about 250 C., said polymer with a hydrocarbon halide alkylating agent having 1 to 30 carbon atoms,

(5) an olefinated linear polymer of a 1,2-alkyleneimine, said polymer having a molecular weight of at least 800, each alkylene unit therein having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about 70 C. to about 100 C., said polymer with an olefinating agent selected from the group consisting of acrylonitrile, styrene, butadiene, vinyl ethers, and vinyl sulfones,

g (6) a Schifi base reaction product of a linear polymer of 1,2-alkyleneimine, said polymer having a molecular weight of at least 800, each alkylene unit therein having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, formed by reacting said polymer with a compound selected from the group consisting of aldehydes and ketones,

(7) an acylated, then oxyalkylated linear polymer of a 1,2-alkyleneimine, said polymer having a molecular weight of at least 800, each alkylene unit therein. having 2-20 carbon atoms, formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about C. to about 300 C., said linear polymer with an acylating agent selected from the group consisting of (i) a carboxylic acid having 7-39 carbon atoms and (ii) a precursor of said carboxylic acid capable of forming said acid in said reaction, and then reacting said acylated polymer, at a temperature of from about 80 C. to about 200 C. and a pressure of from about 10 psi. to

about p.s.i. to about 200 p.s.i., with an alkylene oxide having at least 2 carbon atoms,

(8) an oxyalkylated, then acylated linear polymer of a 1,2-alkyleneimine, said polymer having a molecular weight of at least 800, said alkylene unit therein having 2-20 carbon atoms, formed by reacting, at a I temperature of from about 80 C. to about 200 C. and a ressure of from about 10 p.s.i. to about 200 p.s.i., said polymer with an alkylene oxide having at least 2 carbon atoms and then reacting said oxyalkylated polymer, at a temperature of from about 120 C. to about 300 C., with an acylating agent selected from the group consisting of (i) a carboxylic acid having 7-39 carbon atoms and (ii) a precursor of said carboxylic acid capable of forming said acid in said reaction,

(9) an alkylated, then acylated linear polymer of a 1,2-alkyleneimine, said polymer having a molecular weight of at least 800, each alkylene unit therein.

having 2-20 carbon atoms, formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about 100 C. to about 250 C., said polymer with a hydrocarbon halide alkylating agent having 1-30 carbon atoms, and then reacting said alkylated polymer, at a temperature of from about 120 C. to about 300 C., with an acylating agent selected from the group consisting of (i) a carboxylic acid having 7-39 carbon atoms and (ii) a precursor of said carboxylic acid capable of forming said acid in said reaction,

(10) an acylated, then alkylated linear polymer of a 1,2-alkyleneimine, said polymer having a molecular weight of at least 800, each alkylene unit therein having 2-20 carbon atoms, formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about 120 C. to about 300 C., said polymer with an acylating agent selected from the group consisting of (i) a carboxylic acid having 7-39 carbon atoms and (ii) a precursor of said carboxylic acid in said reaction, and then reacting said acylated polymer, at a temperature of from about 100 C. to about 250 C., with a hydrocarbon halide alkylating agent having 1-30 carbon atoms.

(11) an oxyalkylated, then alkylated linear polymer of a 1,2-alkyleneimine, said polymer having a molecular weight of at least 800, each alkylene unit therein having 2-20 carbon atoms, formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about 80 C. to about 200 C. and a pressure of from about 10 p.s.i. to about 200 p.s.i., said polymer with an alkylene oxide having at least 2 carbon atoms, and then reacting said oxyalkylated polymer, at a temperature of from about 100 C. to'about 250 C., with a' hydrocarbon halide alkylating agent having 1-30 carbon atoms,

(12) a Schifl? base reaction product of an acylated linear (13) a Schiif base reaction product of an alkylated linear polymer of a 1,2-alkyleneimine, said polymer having a molecular weight of at least 800, each alkylene unit therein having 2-20 carbon atoms, formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about 100 C. to about 250 C., said polymer with a hydrocarbon halide alkylating agent having 130 carbon atoms, and then reacting said alkylated polymer with a compound selected from the group consisting of aldehydes and ketones,

(14) an oxyalkylated Schifi base reaction product of a linear polymer of a 1,2-alkyleneimine, said linear polymer having a molecular weight of at least 800, each alkylene unit therein having 2-20 carbon atoms formed by reacting said linear polymer with a compound selected from the group consisting of aldehydes and ketones to form said Schiff base reaction product and then-reacting said Schiff base reaction product, at a temperature of from about 80 C. to about 200 C. and a pressure of from about 10 p.s.i. to about 200 p.s.i., with an alkylene oxide having at least 2 carbon atoms,

(15) an acylated, then olefinated linear polymer of a 1,2-alkyleneimine, said polymer having a molecular weight of at least 800, each alkylene unit therein having 2-20 carbon atoms, formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about 120 C. to about 300 C., said linear polymer with an acylating agent selected from the group consisting of (i) a carboxylic acid having 7-39 carbon atoms and (ii) a precursor of said car-boxylic acid capable of forming said acid in said reaction, and then reacting said acylated polymer, at a temperature of from about C. to about 100 C., with an olefinating agent selected from the group consisting of acrylonitrile, styrene, butadiene, vinyl ethers and vinyl sulfones, and

(16) an alkylated, then olefinated linear polymer of a 1,2-alkyleneimine, said polymer having a molecular weight of at least 800, each alkylene unit therein having 2-20 carbon atoms, formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about 100 C. to about 250 C., said polymer with a hydrocarbon halide alkylating agent having from 1-30 carbon atoms, and then reacting said alkylated polymer, at a temperature of from about 70 C. to about 100 C., with an olefinating agent selected from the group consisting of acrylonitrile, styrene, butadiene, vinyl ethers and vinyl sulfones.

2. The process of claim 1 wherein the compound is a linear polymer of a 1,2-alkyleneimine, said polymer having a molecular weight of at least 800, each alkylene unit therein having a 2 to 20 carbon atoms.

3. The process of claim 1 wherein the compound is an acylated linear polymer of a 1,2-alkyleneimine, said polymer having a molecular weight of at least 800, each alkylene unit therein having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about 120 C. to about 300 C., said linear polymer with an acylating agent selected from the group consisting of (i) a carboxylic acid having 7-39 carbon atoms and (ii) a precursor of said carboxylic acid capable of forming said acid in said reaction.

4. The process of claim 1 wherein the compound is an oxyalkylated linear polymer of a 1,2-alkyleneimine, said polymer having a molecular weight of at least 800, each alkylene unit therein having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about C. to about 200 C. and a pressure of from about 10 p.s.i. to about 200 p.s.i., said polymer with an alkylene oxide having at least 2 carbon atoms.

5. The process of claim 1 wherein the compound is an alkylated linear polymer of a 1,2-alkyleneimine, said polymer having a molecular weight of at least 800, each alkylene unit therein having 2 to 20 carbons, formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about C. to about 250 C., said polymer with a hydrocarbon halide alkylating agent having 1 to 30 carbon atoms.

6. The process of claim 1 wherein the compound is an olefinated linear polymer of a 1,2-alkyleneimine, said polymer having a molecular weight of at least 800, each alkylene unit therein having 2 to 20 carbon atoms, formed by reacting, at a temperature of from about 70 C. to

about 100 C., said polymer with an olefinating agent selected from the group consisting of acrylonitrile, styrene, butadlene, vinyl ethers, and vinyl sulfones. 

1. A PROCESS FOR PREVENTING, REDUCING AND REMOVING THE DEPOSITION OF HARD WATER SCALE FROM THE SURFACES OF EQUIPMENT OF AN AQUEOUS SCALE-FORMING MEDIA SYSTEM WHICH IS CHARACTERIZED BY SUBJECTING SAID SYSTEM TO THE ACTION OF A COMPOUND SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF (1) A LINEAR POLYMER OF A 1,2-ALKYLENEIMINE, SAID POLYMER HAVING A MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF AT LEAST 800, EACH ALKYLENE UNTIL THEREIN HAVING 2 TO 20 CARBON ATOMS, (2) AN ACYLATED LINEAR POLYMER OF A 1,2-ALKYLENEIMINE, SAID POLYMER HAVING A MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF AT LEAST 800, EACH ALKYLENE UNIT THEREIN HAVING 2 TO 20 CARBON TOMS, FORMED BY REACTING AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 120*C. TO ABOUT 300*C., SAID LINEAR POLYMER WITH AN ACYLATING AGENT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF (I) A CARBOXYLIC ACID HAVING 7-39 CARBON ATOMS AND (II) A PRECURSOR OF SAID CARBOXYLIC ACID CAPABLE OF FORMING SAID ACID IN SAID REACTION, (3) AN OXYALKYLATED LINEAR POLYMER OF A 1,2-ALKYLENEIMINE, SAID POLYMER HAVING A MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF AT LEAST 800, EACH ALKYLENE UNIT THEREIN HAVING 2 TO 20 CARBON ATOMS, FORMED BY REACTING, AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 80*C. TO ABOUT 200*C. AND A PRESSURE OF FROM ABOUT 10 P.S.I. TO ABOUT 200 P.SI.I, SAID POLYMER WITH AN ALKYLENE OXIDE HAVING AT LEAST 2 CARBON ATOMS, (4) AN ALKYLATED LINEAR POLYMER OF A 1,2-ALKYLENEIMINE, SAID POLYMER HAVING A MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF AT LEAST 800, EACH ALKYLENE UNIT THEREIN HAVING 2 TO 20 CARBONS, FORMED BY REACTING, AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 100*C. TO ABOUT 250*C., SAID POLYMER WITH A HYDROCARBON HALIDE ALKYLATING AGENT HAVING 1 TO 30 CARBON ATOMS, (5) AN OLEFINATED LINEAR POLYMER OF A 1,2-ALKYLENEIMINE, SAID POLYMER HAVING A MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF AT LEAST 800, EACH ALKYLENE UNIT THEREIN HAVING 2 TO 20 CARBON ATOMS, FORMED BY REACTING, AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 70*C. TO ABOUT 100*C., SAID POLYMER WITH AN OLEFINATING AGENT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF ACRYLONITRILE, STYRENE, BUTADIENE, VINYL ETHERS, AND VINYL SULFONES, (6) A SCHIFF BASE RREACTION PRODUCT OF A LINEAR POLYMER OF 1,2-ALKYLENEIMINE, SAID POLYMER HAVING A MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF AT LEAST 800, EACH ALKYLENE UNIT THEREIN HAVING 2 TO 20 CARBON ATOMS, FORMED BY REACTING SAID POLYMER WITH A COMPOUND SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES, (7) AN ACYLATED, THEN OXYALKYLATED LINEAR POLYMER OF A 1,2-ALKYLENEIMINE, SAID POLYMER HAVING A MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF AT LEAST 800, EACH ALKYLENE UNIT THEREIN HAVING 2-20 CARBON ATOMS, FORMED BY REACTING, AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM 125*C. TO ABOUT 300*C., SAID LINEAR POLYMER WITH AN ACYLATING AGENT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF (I) A CARBOXYLIC ACID HAVING 7-39 CARBON ATOMS, AND (II) A PRECURSOR OF SAID CARBOXYLIC ACID CAPABLE OF FORMING SAID ACID IN SAID REACTION, AND THEN REACTING SAID ACYLATED POLYMER, AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 20*C. TO ABOUT 200*C. AND A PRESSURE OF FROM ABOUT 10 P.S.I. TO ABOUT 10 P.S.I. TO ABOUT 200 P.S.I. WITH AN ALKYLENE OXIDE HAVING AT LEAST 2 CARBON ATOMS, (8) AN OXYALKYLATED, THEN ACYLATED LINEAR POLYMER OF A 1,2-ALKYLENEIMINE, SAID POLYMER HAVING A MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF AT LEAST 800, SAID ALKYLENE UNIT THEREIN HAVING 2-20 CARBON ATOMS, FORMED BY REACTING, AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 80*C. TO ABOUT 200*C. AND A PRESSURE OF FROM ABOUT 10 P.S.I. TO ABOUT 200 P.S.I., SAID POLYMER WITH AN ALKYLENE OXIDE HAVING AT LEAST 2 CARBON ATOMS AND THEN REACTING SAID OXYALKYLATED POLYMER, AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 120*C. TO ABOUT 300*C., WITH AN ACYLATING AGENT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF (I) A CARBOXYLIC ACID HAVING 7-36 CARBON ATOMS AND (II) A PRECURSOR OF SAID CARBOXYLIC ACID CAPABLE OF FORMING SAID ACID IN SAID REACTION, (9) AN ALKYLATED, THEN ACYLATED LINEAR POLYMER OF A 1,2-ALKYLENEIMINE, SAID POLYMER HAVING A MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF AT LEAST 800, EACH ALKYLENE UNIT THEREIN HAVING 2-20 CARBON ATOMS, FORMED BY REACTING, AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 100*C. TO ABOUT 250* C., SAID POLYMER WITH A HYDROCARBON HALIDE ALKYLATING AGENT HAVING 1-30 CARBON ATOMS, AND THEN REACTING SAID ALKYLATED POLYMER, AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 120*C. TO ABOUT 300*C., WITH AN ACYLATING AGENT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF (I) A CARBOXYLIC ACID HAVING 7-39 CARBON ATOMS AND (II) A PRECURSOR OF SAID CARBOXYLIC ACID CAPABLE OF FORMING SAID ACID IN SAID REACTION, (10) AN ACYLATED, THEN ALKYLATED LINEAR POLYMER OF A 1,2-ALKYLENEIMINE, SAID POLYMER HAVING A MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF AT LEAST 800, EACH ALKYLENE UNIT THEREIN HAVING 2-20 CARBON ATOMS, FORMED BY REACTING, AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 120*C. TO ABOUT 300* C., SAID POLYMER WITH AN ACYLATING AGENT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF (I) A CARBOXYLIC ACID HAVING 7-39 CARBON ATOMS, AND (II) A PRECUSOR OF SAID CARBOXYLIC ACID IN SAID REACTION AND THEN REACTING SAID ACYLATED POLYMER, AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 100*C. TO ABOUT 250*C., WITH A HYDROCARBON HALIDE ALKYLATING AGENT HAVING 1-30 CARBON ATOMS, (11) AN OXYALKYLATED, THEN ALKYLATED LINEAR POLYMER OF A 1,2-ALKYLENEIMINE, SAID POLYMER HAVING A MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF AT LEAST 800, EACH ALKYLENE UNIT THEREIN HAVING 2-20 CARBON ATOMS, FORMED BY REACTING, AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 80*C. TO ABOUT 200*C. AND A PRESSURE OF FROM ABOUT 10 P.S.I. TO ABOUT 200 P.S.I. SAID POLYMER WITH AN ALKYLENE OXIDE HAVING AT LEAST 2 CARBON ATOMS, AND THEN REACTING SAID OXYALKYLATED POLYMER, AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 100*C. TO ABOUT 250*C., WITH A HYDROCARBON HALIDE ALKYLATING AGENT HAVING 1-30 CARBON ATOMS, (12) A SCHIFF BASE REACTION PRODUCT OF AN ACYLATED LINEAR POLYMER OF A 1,2-ALKYLENEIMINE, SAID POLYMER HAVING A MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF AT LEAST 800, EACH ALKYLENE UNIT THEREIN HAVING 2-20 CARBON ATOMS, FORMED BY REACTING, AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 120*C. TO ABOUT 300*C., SAID POLYMER WITH AN ACYLATING AGENT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF (I) A CARBOXYLIC ACID HAVING 7-39 CARBON ATOMS AND (II) A PRECURSOR OF SAID CARBOXYLIC ACID CAPABLE OF FORMING SAID ACID IN SAID REACTION, AND THEN REACTING SAID ACYLATED POLYMER WITH A COMPOUND SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES, (13) A SCHIFF BASE REACTION PRODUCT OF AN ALKYLATED LINEAR POPLYMER OF A 1,2-ALKYLENEIMINE, SAID POLYMER HAVING A MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF AT LEAST 800, EACH ALKYLENE UNIT THEREIN HAVING 2-20 CARBON ATOMS, FORMED BY REACTING, AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 100*C TO ABOUT 250*C., SAID POLYMER WITH A HYDROCARBON HALIDE ALKYLATING AGENT HAVING 1-30 CARBON ATOMS, AND THEN REACTING SAID ALKYLATED POLYMER WITH A COMPOUND SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES, (14) AN OXYALKYLATED SCHIFF BASE REACTION PRODUCT OF A LINEAR POLYMER OF A 1,2-ALKYLENEIMINE, SAID LINEAR POLYMER HAVING A MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF AT LEAST 800, EACH ALKYLENE UNIT THEREIN HAVING 2-20 CARBON ATOMS FORMED BY REACTING SAID LINEAR POLYMER WITH A COMPOUND SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES TO FORM SAID SCHIFF BASE REACTION PRODUCT AND THEN REACTING SAID SCHIFF BASE REACTION PRODUCT, AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 80*C. TO ABOUT 200*C. AND A PRESSURE OF FROM ABOUT 10 P.S.I. TO ABOUT 200 P.S.I. WITH AN ALKYLENE OXIDE HAVING AT LEAST 2 CARBON ATOMS, (15) AN ACYLATED, THEN OLEFINATED LINEAR POLYMER OF A 1,2-ALKYLENEIMINE, SAID POLYMER HAVING A MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF AT LEAST 800, EACH ALKYLENE UNIT THEREIN HAVING 2-20 CARBON ATOMS, FORMED BY REACTING, AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 120*C. TO ABOUT 300*C., SAID LINEAR POLYMER WITH AN ACYLATING AGENT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF (I) A CARBOXYLIC ACID HAVING 7-39 CARBON ATOMS AND (IIE A PRECURSOR OF SAID CARBOXYLIC ACID CAPABLE OF FORMING SAID ACID IN SAID REACTION, AND THEN REACTING SAID ACYLATED POLYMER, AT A TEMPERATURE OF FROM ABOUT 70*C. TO ABOUT 100*C., WITH AN OLEFINATING AGENT SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF ACRYLONITRILE, STYRENE, BUTADIENE, VINYL ETHERS AND VINYL SULFONES, AND (16) AN ALKYLATED, THEN OLEFINATED LINEAR POLYMER OF A 1,2-ALKYLENEIMINE, SAID POLYMER HAVING A 